<em></em><em>Fusarium</em> <em>Culmorum</em> Produces NX-2 Toxin Simultaneously With Deoxynivalenol and 3-Acetyl-Deoxynivalenol or Nivalenol (Submitted to Toxins)

Abstract

Fusarium culmorum is a major pathogen of grain crops. Infected plants accumulate deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON), or nivalenol (NIV), which are mycotoxins of the trichothecene B group. These toxins are also produced by F. graminearum species complex. New trichothecenes structurally similar to trichothecenes B but lacking the carbonyl group on C-8, designated NX toxins, were recently discovered in atypical isolates of F. graminearum from North America. Only these isolates and a few strains of a yet to be characterized Fusarium species from South Africa are known to produce NX-2 and other NX toxins. Here we report that among 20 F. culmorum strains isolated from maize, wheat, and oat in Europe and Asia over a period of 70 years, 18 strains produced NX-2 simultaneously with 3-ADON and DON or NIV. Rice cultures of strains producing 3-ADON accumulated NX-2 in amounts corresponding to 2-8% of 3-ADON (1.2 - 36 mg/kg). A strain producing NIV accumulated NX-2 and NIV at comparable amounts (13.6 and 10.3 mg/kg, respectively). In F. graminearum, producers of NX-2 possess a special variant of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase encoded by TRI1 that is unable to oxidize C-8. In F. culmorum, producers and nonproducers of NX-2 possess identical TRI1; the reason for the production of NX-2 is unknown. Our results indicate that production of NX-2 simultaneously with trichothecenes B is a common feature of F. culmorum.

Clinical and pathomorphological changes in mycotoxicosis of cows

“…However, the indicators of the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hemoglobin concentration in the erythrocyte were at the level of healthy animals and amounted to 6.58±0.24 T/l, 87.4±4.27 g/l, 36.2±0.88 g/l, respectively. Similar data were obtained by other authors [8,10,12]. The data of the study of cicatricial contents (Table 2) indicate morpho-functional changes in the scar:…”

“…Deoxynivalenol (DON, Vamitoxin) causes the greatest economic damage. Toxicosis proceeds subclinically and leads mainly to a decrease in the productivity of cows, a decrease in appetite and a decrease in overall resistance [12,13].…”

“…Cows receiving low-quality feed in the long term receive irreversible changes in almost all organs and systems [10][11][12]. Depending on the type of microscopic fungi and the variety of their toxins, these destructive changes can manifest themselves in the digestive tract (T-2 toxin) [12], the reproductive system (zearalenone) [15].…”

“…In addition, most authors point out that feed mycotoxicoses cause a violation of mineral and vitamin metabolism, which leads to their decrease in dairy products obtained from cows [12].…”