&lt;i&gt;Bacillus anthracis&lt;/i&gt; infections – new possibilities of treatment

Żakowska, Dorota; Bartoszcze, Michał; Niemcewicz, Marcin; Bielawska-Drózd, Agata; Knap, J; Cieślik, Piotr; Chomiczewski, K; Kocik, Janusz

doi:10.5604/12321966.1152065

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Ready-to-use bacteriophage suspensions are generally not available for such situations, and a few teams have looked at some of them, although it is still too early to draw any conclusions. These include, more specifically, infections caused by Helicobacter [97,98]; Borrelia (Lyme disease [99]), as well as Brucella , Yersinia pestis and Bacillus anthracis [100] in the context of biological-weapon risks [101]. Other bacterial species ( Haemophilus influenzae , Streptococcus pneumoniae ) do not generate much interest today for phage therapy application.…”

Section: Clinical Indications In the Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Indications and Compassionate Use of Phage Therapy: Personal Experience and Literature Review with a Focus on Osteoarticular Infections

Patey¹,

McCallin

Mazure³

et al. 2018

Viruses

103

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The history of phage therapy started with its first clinical application in 1919 and continues its development to this day. Phages continue to lack any market approval in Western medicine as a recognized drug, but are increasingly used as an experimental therapy for the compassionate treatment of patients experiencing antibiotic failure. The few formal experimental phage clinical trials that have been completed to date have produced inconclusive results on the efficacy of phage therapy, which contradicts the many successful treatment outcomes observed in historical accounts and recent individual case reports. It would therefore be wise to identify why such a discordance exists between trials and compassionate use in order to better develop future phage treatment and clinical applications. The multitude of observations reported over the years in the literature constitutes an invaluable experience, and we add to this by presenting a number of cases of patients treated compassionately with phages throughout the past decade with a focus on osteoarticular infections. Additionally, an abundance of scientific literature into phage-related areas is transforming our knowledge base, creating a greater understanding that should be applied for future clinical applications. Due to the increasing number of treatment failures anticipatedfrom the perspective of a possible post-antibiotic era, we believe that the introduction of bacteriophages into the therapeutic arsenal seems a scientifically sound and eminently practicable consideration today as a substitute or adjuvant to antibiotic therapy.

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Section: Clinical Indications In the Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Indications and Compassionate Use of Phage Therapy: Personal Experience and Literature Review with a Focus on Osteoarticular Infections

Patey¹,

McCallin

Mazure³

et al. 2018

Viruses

103

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“…The latter is a broad-spectrum, semisynthetic, ribosome-binding inhibitor of protein synthesis, which is a member of the aminometholcycline family of tetracycline derivatives designed to overcome the known tetracycline resistance mechanisms, such as efflux and ribosmal protection [129]. Both were comparable to ciprofloxacin in mouse inhalation challenge studies [127,130]. Other promising candidates include a fourth-generation flouoroquinolone, gatifloxacin, and a semisynthetic lipoglocopeptide dalbavancin, both of which demonstrated the ability to protect mice against inhalational B. anthracis challenge when administered post-exposure [130].…”

Section: Novel Antibioticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Status and Trends in Prophylaxis and Management of Anthrax Disease

2020

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Bacillus anthracis has been identified as a potential military and bioterror agent as it is relatively simple to produce, with spores that are highly resilient to degradation in the environment and easily dispersed. These characteristics are important in describing how anthrax could be used as a weapon, but they are also important in understanding and determining appropriate prevention and treatment of anthrax disease. Today, anthrax disease is primarily enzootic and found mostly in the developing world, where it is still associated with considerable mortality and morbidity in humans and livestock. This review article describes the spectrum of disease caused by anthrax and the various prevention and treatment options. Specifically we discuss the following; (1) clinical manifestations of anthrax disease (cutaneous, gastrointestinal, inhalational and intravenous-associated); (2) immunology of the disease; (3) an overview of animal models used in research; (4) the current World Health Organization and U.S. Government guidelines for investigation, management, and prophylaxis; (5) unique regulatory approaches to licensure and approval of anthrax medical countermeasures; (6) the history of vaccination and pre-exposure prophylaxis; (7) post-exposure prophylaxis and disease management; (8) treatment of symptomatic disease through the use of antibiotics and hyperimmune or monoclonal antibody-based antitoxin therapies; and (9) the current landscape of next-generation product candidates under development.

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“…Bacillus anthracis Pda ( Ba Pda). B. anthacis is a Gram-positive spore forming bacteria that is the causative agent of anthrax [ 125 ]. Like its close relative B. cereus , its genome contains ten ORFs for putative CE4 deacetylases, with more than 90% identity to the corresponding orthologues in B. cereus , including GlcNAc and MurNAc deacetylases [ 118 ].…”

Section: Ce4 Enzymes Active On Chitooligosaccharides and Their Submentioning

confidence: 99%

Substrate Recognition and Specificity of Chitin Deacetylases and Related Family 4 Carbohydrate Esterases

Aragunde

Biarnés

Planas

2018

IJMS

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Carbohydrate esterases family 4 (CE4 enzymes) includes chitin and peptidoglycan deacetylases, acetylxylan esterases, and poly-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylases that act on structural polysaccharides, altering their physicochemical properties, and participating in diverse biological functions. Chitin and peptidoglycan deacetylases are not only involved in cell wall morphogenesis and remodeling in fungi and bacteria, but they are also used by pathogenic microorganisms to evade host defense mechanisms. Likewise, biofilm formation in bacteria requires partial deacetylation of extracellular polysaccharides mediated by poly-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylases. Such biological functions make these enzymes attractive targets for drug design against pathogenic fungi and bacteria. On the other side, acetylxylan esterases deacetylate plant cell wall complex xylans to make them accessible to hydrolases, making them attractive biocatalysts for biomass utilization. CE4 family members are metal-dependent hydrolases. They are highly specific for their particular substrates, and show diverse modes of action, exhibiting either processive, multiple attack, or patterned deacetylation mechanisms. However, the determinants of substrate specificity remain poorly understood. Here, we review the current knowledge on the structure, activity, and specificity of CE4 enzymes, focusing on chitin deacetylases and related enzymes active on N-acetylglucosamine-containing oligo and polysaccharides.

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<i>Bacillus anthracis</i> infections – new possibilities of treatment

Cited by 16 publications

References 35 publications

Clinical Indications and Compassionate Use of Phage Therapy: Personal Experience and Literature Review with a Focus on Osteoarticular Infections

Clinical Indications and Compassionate Use of Phage Therapy: Personal Experience and Literature Review with a Focus on Osteoarticular Infections

Current Status and Trends in Prophylaxis and Management of Anthrax Disease

Substrate Recognition and Specificity of Chitin Deacetylases and Related Family 4 Carbohydrate Esterases

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