<i>In Vitro</i> Evaluation of the Toxicity of Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles in Kidney Cell

Abstract

ÖZAmaç: Sert manyetik kobalt ferrit nanopartiküllerinin (CoFe 2 O 4 -NP) dikkate değer özellikleri ve fizikokimyasal kararlılıkları farklı endüstri ve tıp alanlarında çeşitli uygulamalarda kullanılmalarına yol açmaktadır. CoFe 2 O 4 -NP'lerin bazı toksik etkilere neden olduğu bildirilmiş olsa da böbrek üzerindeki etkileri hakkında ciddi bilgi eksikliği vardır. Bu çalışmada, CoFe 2 O 4 -NPs'lerinin NRK-52E böbrek hücreleri üzerine toksik etki potansiyellerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Partikül karakterizasyonu ve hücresel alım transmisyon elektron mikroskopu, dinamik ışık saçılma tekniği ve indüktif eşleştirilmiş plazma-kütle spektrometrisi ile gerçekleştirildi. Sonra, sitotoksisite MTT ve nötral kırmızı alım testi, genotoksisite comet tekniği ve apoptotik potansiyel propidyum iyodürlü Annexin V-FITC apoptoz tayini ile değerlendirildi. Bulgular: CoFe 2 O 4 -NP'lere (39±17 nm) 100-1000 μg/mL arasında değişen konsantrasyonlarda 24 saat süre ile maruz bırakılan böbrek hücrelerinde hücre canlılığının etkilenmediği, ancak ≤100 μg/mL'de önemli ölçüde DNA hasarı meydana geldiği gözlenmiştir. Maruz kalan hücrelerde apoptotik veya nekrotik etki gözlenmedi. Sonuç: Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, CoFe 2 O 4 -NP'ler çeşitli uygulamalarda güvenli kullanımı vaat etmektedir. Bununla birlikte, etki mekanizmalarının tam olarak anlaşılabilmesi için in vivo çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır. Anahtar kelimeler: DNA hasarı, hücre ölümü, apoptoz, kobalt ferrit nanopartikülü Objectives: The remarkable properties of hard magnetic cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (CoFe 2 O 4 -NPs) and their physicochemical stability lead to various applications in different industrial and medical fields. Although CoFe 2 O 4 -NPs have been reported to cause toxic effects, there is a serious lack of information concerning their effects on the kidneys. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the toxic effects of CoFe 2 O 4 -NPs on NRK-52E kidney cells. Materials and Methods: The particle characterisation and cellular uptake were determined using transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Then, the cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT and neutral red uptake assays, the genotoxicity by comet assay, and the apoptotic potentials by Annexin V-FITC apoptosis detection assay with propidium iodide. Results: After 24 h exposure to CoFe 2 O 4 -NPs (39±17 nm), it was observed they did not affect the cell viability at concentration ranging from 100 to 1000 μg/mL, but significantly induced DNA damage at concentration ≤100 μg/mL. No apoptotic or necrotic effect was observed in the exposed cells. Conclusion: According to the results obtained, CoFe 2 O 4 -NPs are promising for safe use in various applications. However, further in vivo studies are needed to fully understand their mechanisms of action.

Cobalt Ferrite Magnetic Nanoparticles for Tracing Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Tissue: A Preliminary Study

“…Therefore, we were not surprised to find no obvious abnormalities in the ultrastructure of MSCs or changes in the morphology of the tissues studied in the control mice. At present, however, knowledge about the effects of nanomaterials on human (stem) cells is still sparse and contradictory [ 23 , 24 ]. There are some reports of a possible effect of NPs (including cobalt ferrite NPs) on the enzyme activity and cell structure of MSCs, and large differences in responses to NPs have been reported between different cell types, NP concentrations, and exposure times [ 25 , 26 , 27 ].…”

Recent progress of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedical applications: A review

“…[ 306,307 ] Cobalt ferrite has shown adverse effects in the zebrafish circulatory system and urinary model NRK‐52E cells. [ 296,308 ] These MNPs can cause unstable heart rate, oedema and DNA damage. [ 296,308 ] In animal models or in vitro cell models, superparamagnetic nanoparticles do the most damage to the nervous system.…”

“…[ 296,308 ] These MNPs can cause unstable heart rate, oedema and DNA damage. [ 296,308 ] In animal models or in vitro cell models, superparamagnetic nanoparticles do the most damage to the nervous system. [ 295 ] They result in limited ocular toxicity in Sprague‐Dawley rat models, necrosis in EC5v cell lines and hearing displacement in albino guinea pigs.…”

Biophysical Characterization of (Silica-coated) Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles for Hyperthermia Treatment

“…Bossi et al [28] showed that cobalt oxide (Co 3 O 4 ) below 50 nm can migrate into the cell plasma and it is not dependent on the endocytosis pathway. While this is a convenient feature for drug delivery, it can lead to increased cellular toxicity, as shown on kidney cell DNA for cobalt ferrite particles with a rough size of 40 nm in concentrations below 100 µg/mL [29]. Pure cobalt nanoparticles of about 50 nm can also inhibit mRNA and protein expression and even alter cell morphology [30].…”