<i>Sonneratia apetala</i>: Its Ecology, Bioactive Compounds and Biological Activities Including its Nano-formulations

Abstract

Plants have been the primary source of medications and are essential to maintaining human health. Despite significant advancements in the field of synthetic medications and antibiotics, plants continue to be essential in both traditional and modern medicine all over the world. It significantly increases soil fertility and has a variety of characteristics that make it an ideal founder restoration species. There has not been any evidence of an Sonneratia apetala natural invasion in the northern mangrove region yet. This tree is an evergreen species that is known for its rapid growth and natural occurrence. The main phyto-constituents present in Sonneratia apetala are betulinic acid, lupeone, lupeol, stigmast-5-ene 3beta, β-amyrin hexadecaneate, 5β-cholestane-3α,7α-diol, and physcoion. Some chemical constituents present in Sonneratia apetala are gibberellin, quercetin, caffeic acid, (-) catechin, and epicatechin. The fruits and bark have antioxidant, antidiabetic activity, antibacterial, hepatoprotective effect and astringent activity, anticancer activity, hypouricemic activity, and gastroprotective effects. The constituents of bark and leaf include flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides (anthraquinone and cardiac), terpenoids, saponins, steroids, protein and amino acids, steroid and gums, carbohydrates, vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin) and certain minerals. This review also reported its ecological-, salt regulatory- and reproductive- features as well.