<i>Syzygium cumini</i> Extract Decrease Adenosine Deaminase, 5′Nucleotidase Activities and Oxidative Damage in Platelets of Diabetic Patients

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disorder, has assumed epidemic proportions and its long-term complications can have devastating consequences. The oxidative stress in diabetes was greatly increased due to prolonged exposure to hyperglycemia and impairment of oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium. Syzygium cumini is being widely used to treat diabetes by the traditional practitioners over many centuries. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) and 5′-Nucleotidase (5′NT) are enzymes of purine nucleoside metabolism that play an important role in the regulation of adenosine (Ado) levels. In this study, we investigated the effect of Syzygium cumini aqueous leaves extract (ASc) on ADA and 5′NT activities and on parameters of oxidative stress under in vitro conditions, using platelets of patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) was assayed by ADA, 5′NT, Catalase (CAT), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activities and Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels. We observed that ADA, 5′NT activities and TBARS levels were significantly higher when compared to the control group, and ASc (100 and 200 µg/mL) prevented these effects. Our study demonstrates that ASc was able to remove oxidant species generated in diabetic conditions and modulates in the Ado levels. Then, ASc may promote a compensatory response in platelet function, improving the susceptibility-induced by the diabetes mellitus.

Purinergic signalling and diabetes

“…The activity of both NTPDase and 5′-nucleotidase of platelets (and synaptosomes) showed increased activity in alloxan-induced diabetes [101, 102]. Adenosine deaminase and 5′-nucleotidase activities were higher in platelets in diabetic patients than control subjects [103]. In erythrocytes, ATP concentration is influenced by insulin levels in plasma [104], but there is impairment of ATP release from human erythrocytes in T2D, which may contribute to the vascular disease [105].…”

Rutin restores adenosine deaminase activity in serum and the liver and improves biochemical parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

“…ADA is essential for the proliferation and differentiation of lymphoid cells (Bota et al, 2001) downregulating the biologic effects of adenosine in situ and playing a key role in normal immune function (Hong-Jun et al, 2011). Recently, we observed that the ADA activity was higher in hyperglycemia conditions (Fredholm, 2007;De Bona et al, 2010). However, the potential contribution of ADA activity in the development of diabetic condition has not been fully clarified.…”

Syzygium cumini seed extract ameliorates adenosine deaminase activity and biochemical parameters but does not alter insulin sensitivity and pancreas architecture in a short-term model of diabetes

“…Extracts of different parts of the plant possess a range of pharmacological properties such as hypoglycemic, antiallergic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiulcerogenic activities, and cardioprotective and hepatoprotective effects, supporting its traditional use [8,9]. Previous studies from our group have investigated the effects of S. cumini leaf extract on ADA activity in diabetic patients and in different cells exposed to hyperglycemic conditions in vitro [4,7,[10][11][12][13]. Nonetheless, as there is paucity of data evaluating the properties of S. cumini seeds on ADArelated changes caused by DM, including the validated antidiabetic effects of the ASc on the short-term complications of DM, this study was aimed at evaluating the effect of the use of the ASc on ADA activity and on biochemical and histopathological parameters in a short-term rat model of diabetes induced by streptozotocin (STZ).…”