<p>Advancements and frontiers in nano-based 3D and 4D scaffolds for bone and cartilage tissue engineering</p>

Abstract

Given the enormous increase in the risks of bone and cartilage defects with the rise in the aging population, the current treatments available are insufficient for handling this burden, and the supply of donor organs for transplantation is limited. Therefore, tissue engineering is a promising approach for treating such defects. Advances in materials research and high-tech optimized fabrication of scaffolds have increased the efficiency of tissue engineering. Electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds and hydrogel scaffolds mimic the native extracellular matrix of bone, providing a support for bone and cartilage tissue engineering by increasing cell viability, adhesion, propagation, and homing, and osteogenic isolation and differentiation, vascularization, host integration, and load bearing. The use of these scaffolds with advanced three- and four-dimensional printing technologies has enabled customized bone grafting. In this review, we discuss the different approaches used for cartilage and bone tissue engineering.

Recent progress in extrusion 3D bioprinting of hydrogel biomaterials for tissue regeneration: a comprehensive review with focus on advanced fabrication techniques

“…The gold standard for bone restoration still generally is autogenous bone grafts that are harvested from intra-or extra-oral sites; however, this has the limitation of low graft quantity, donor site morbidity, and infection. Although many researchers have made attempts to develop therapeutic approaches for the fabrication of human bone [121,123,124] as a highly ordered and vascularized tissue [125], few have succeeded in which there is still no effective treatment for most cases [126][127][128]. As a result, bone tissue engineering (BTE) undergoes a booming advancement as the alternative to bone grafting, where graft substitutes are made using biomaterials to replace or repair damaged bone defects [125].…”

Bioengineering strategies for bone and cartilage tissue regeneration using growth factors and stem cells

“…This cytokine signaling lineage is triggered by the increased expression of osteogenic, angiogenic, and proinflammatory growth factors. Prior reports have demonstrated increases in cell propagation, migration, osteogenic differentiation, and cell adhesion based on the use of GFs (Qasim et al, 2019;Song et al, 2017). Bioengineering is targeting these signaling molecules to combine them with materials to boost the bone-healing process (Nyberg et al, 2016).…”

“…Therefore, the size of the graft and vascularization are critical factors for the regeneration and restoration of tendons and for restoration of nerve function. The modern advancement of tissue engineering and biomaterials research enable us to deliver these therapeutic drugs locally to the fractured sites to enhance tissue regeneration (Qasim, Chae, & Lee, 2019). During tissue regeneration treatments, various therapeutic interventions have been adopted in patients, which include the administration of functional factors to allow bone repair (Song et al, 2017).…”

“…During tissue regeneration treatments, various therapeutic interventions have been adopted in patients, which include the administration of functional factors to allow bone repair (Song et al, 2017). The modern advancement of tissue engineering and biomaterials research enable us to deliver these therapeutic drugs locally to the fractured sites to enhance tissue regeneration (Qasim, Chae, & Lee, 2019). In vivo studies have revealed that GFs like bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), transforming growth factors (TGFs), insulin-like growth factor (IGFs), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), and platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) are all present during natural fracture healing (Fortier, Barker, Strauss, McCarrel, & Cole, 2011;Kempen et al, 2010).…”

<p>A Novel 3D-bioprinted Porous Nano Attapulgite Scaffolds with Good Performance for Bone Regeneration</p>

“…35 Furthermore, its inherent capability for reproducibility, accuracy and customization of scaffolds make 3D-printing a promising and innovative biofabrication strategy in bone tissue engineering. [36][37][38][39] In addition, compared with conventional materials, nanoscale materials may be more efficient materials at stimulating new bone formation due to large specific surface area ratios and special topological conformation, which influence cellular differentiation and functions. 36,38,40,41 By combining 3D-printing, nanotechnology, and materials science, bone tissue engineering exhibits enormous prospects for future development.…”