<p>An investigation on the cytotoxicity and caspase-mediated apoptotic effect of biologically synthesized gold nanoparticles using&nbsp;<em>Cardiospermum halicacabum</em>&nbsp;on AGS gastric carcinoma cells</p>

Abstract

BackgroundGastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer and second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Cardiospermum halicacabum is used to treat nerve disorders, stiffness, rheumatism, ear ache, snake bite, and so on.MethodsIn this study, the reaction parameters were optimized to control the size of the nanoparticle, which was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Various characterization techniques such as selected area diffraction pattern, UV-visible spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, dynamic light scattering, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy were employed to analyze the synthesized AuNPs obtained from C. halicacabum (CH-AuNP) against gastric carcinoma cell line.ResultsThe cytotoxic effect of CH-AuNP against AGS, SNU-5, and SNU-16 cell lines was detected by MTT assay. The induction of apoptosis by CH-AuNP in AGS was analyzed by double staining technique using TUNEL and DAPI staining assays. Further to confirm the molecular mechanism exhibited by CH-AuNP to induce apoptosis, the intracellular ROS level was assessed and immunoblotting was performed to assess the apoptotic signaling molecules that often deregulated in cancerous condition.ConclusionThe results clearly prove that CH-AuNP increases ROS and induces apoptosis in AGS, suggesting that CH-AuNP may be an effective anticancer drug with no side effects to treat gastric cancer.

Simultaneous impact of atorvastatin and mesenchymal stem cells for glioblastoma multiform suppression in rat glioblastoma multiform model

“…Within a comparison view to the last global cancer statistics, an increasing trend into the prevalence of central nervous system (CNS) tumors and also its related death has been observed [ 1 – 4 ]. In this regard, the CNS tumors respectively show 1.6 and 2.5 percentages of all new cancer cases and mortalities just in 2018 [ 4 ].…”

“…Within a comparison view to the last global cancer statistics, an increasing trend into the prevalence of central nervous system (CNS) tumors and also its related death has been observed [ 1 – 4 ]. In this regard, the CNS tumors respectively show 1.6 and 2.5 percentages of all new cancer cases and mortalities just in 2018 [ 4 ]. Among these, glioblastoma multiform (GBM) as one of the most extensive and common type of the CNS malignancies holds poor therapeutic responses and also short median survival [ 1 , 5 – 7 ].…”

“…It should be noted that GBM patient’s median survival is not much more than 18 months after the diagnosis. Local radiotherapy and also systemic chemotherapy in combination of surgical resection are the main conventional GBM therapeutic approaches [ 4 , 7 – 9 ]. However, due to the high-raise of mortality in GBM patients and the low efficiency of conventional medications, developing of the new and safe therapeutic strategies with a more anti-tumoral efficacy are required [ 4 , 6 – 9 ].…”

“…Local radiotherapy and also systemic chemotherapy in combination of surgical resection are the main conventional GBM therapeutic approaches [ 4 , 7 – 9 ]. However, due to the high-raise of mortality in GBM patients and the low efficiency of conventional medications, developing of the new and safe therapeutic strategies with a more anti-tumoral efficacy are required [ 4 , 6 – 9 ]. It has clearly understood that the GBM progression and correspondingly mutual patient’s therapeutic responses are significantly affected by the GBM specific microenvironment [ 10 – 14 ].…”

“…These conditions cause GBM cell proliferation, invasion, migration and also tumor angiogenesis within the brain region [ 3 , 5 – 7 , 19 , 21 ]. Herein, it has been suggested that the GBM specific microenvironment components such as anti-GBM drugs and also their related inhibiting downstream pathways activated by stem cells are able to be as a high potent targets in order to develop the novel GBM therapeutic approaches [ 4 , 6 , 8 , 22 – 24 ].…”