<p>Assessment of a New Ginsenoside Rh2 Nanoniosomal Formulation for Enhanced Antitumor Efficacy on Prostate Cancer: An in vitro Study</p>

Abstract

Introduction: Ginsenoside Rh2, purified from the Panax ginseng root, has been demonstrated to possess anticancer properties against various cancerous cells including colorectal, breast, skin, ovarian, prostate, and liver cancerous cells. However, the poor bioavailability, low stability on gastrointestinal systems, and fast plasma elimination limit further clinical applications of Ginsenoside Rh2 for cancer treatments. In this study, a novel formulation of niosomal Ginsenoside Rh2 was prepared using the thin film hydration technique. Methods: The niosomal formulation contained Span 60 and cholesterol, and cationic lipid DOTAP was evaluated by determining particle size distribution, encapsulation efficiency, the polydispersity index (PDI), and surface morphology. The cytotoxic effects of free Ginsenoside Rh2 and Ginsenoside Rh2-loaded niosomes were determined using the MTT method in the PC3 prostate cancer cell line. For the investigation of the in vitro cellular uptake of Ginsenoside Rh2loaded niosome, two formulations were prepared: the Ginsenoside Rh2-loaded niosomal formula containing 5% DOTAP and the Ginsenoside Rh2-loaded niosomal formula without DOTAP. Results: The mean size, DPI, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency of the Ginsenoside Rh2-loaded nanoniosomal formulation containing DOTAP were 93.5±2.1 nm, 0.203±0.01, +4.65±0.65, and 98.32% ±2.4, respectively. The niosomal vesicles were found to be round and have a smooth surface. The release profile of Ginsenoside Rh2 from niosome was biphasic. Furthermore, a twofold reduction in the Ginsenoside Rh2 concentration was measured when Ginsenoside Rh2 was administered in a nanoniosomal form compared to free Ginsenoside Rh2 solutions in the PC3 prostate cancer cell line. After storage for 90 days, the encapsulation efficiency, vesicle size, PDI, and zeta potential of the optimized formulation did not significantly change compared to the freshly prepared samples. The cellular uptake experiments of the niosomal formulation demonstrated that by adding DOTAP to the niosomal formulation, the cellular uptake was enhanced. Discussion: The enhanced cellular uptake and cytotoxic activity of the Ginsenoside Rh2 nanoniosomal formulation on the PC3 cell make it an attractive candidate for application as a nano-sized delivery vehicle to transfer Ginsenoside Rh2 to cancer cells.

Cancer treatment: from traditional Chinese herbal medicine to the liposome delivery system

“…For this reason, Zare-Zardini et al [54] loaded GRH2 into the lipophilic bilayer of LP, and the inclusion rate reached 93.5%. The anticancer study involving the PC3 prostate cancer cell line showed that the administration of GRH2 in the form of LP enhanced the cytotoxic activity of PC3 prostate cancer cell line cells compared with free GRH2 solution (IC 50 values 31.2 vs. 62.7 μg/ mL) [54]. The content of GRH2 in ginseng root is extremely low [139].…”

Ginsenoside Rh2 Suppresses Metastasis and Growth of Colon Cancer via miR-491

“…e preparation of ginsenoside Rh2 chitosan tripolyphosphate (CS-RH2-TPP) nanoparticles (NPs) was carried out by referring to the study of Zare-Zardini et al [19]. CS (4 mg, Shandong AK Biotech Co., Ltd., China) was stirred in 1% acetic acid (4 mL, Sigma-Aldrich, Merck KGaA) until it was completely dissolved, and then, the PH was adjusted to 5 with 2 mol/L NaOH.…”

Combined Therapy for Paclitaxel and Curcumin by Nonionic Surfactant Vesicles Leading to Enhanced Efficacy of Chemotherapy in Ovarian Cancer Cells Through Inhibiting the Serine/threonine Kinase Akt and Nuclear Factor Kappab Activity

“…OVCAR-3 cell wase then rinsed with PBS three times, and they were xed with 4%, paraformaldehyde solution (Sigma, USA). Lastly, the cell incubation was performed with DAPI solution for 15 min, and a uorescence microscope was employed for imaging the cells (20,24,28).…”