<p>Association of Cigarette Smoking with Sleep Disturbance and Neurotransmitters in Cerebrospinal Fluid</p>

Abstract

Background Cigarette smoking has shown to be associated with sleep disturbance, especially prolonged sleep onset latency (SOL). Cigarette smoking stimulates the release of dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT), which might promote awakening and inhibit rapid eye movement sleep. Dopamine transporter (DAT) and serotonin transporter play a key role in the reuptake of DA and 5-HT from the synaptic cleft into presynaptic neurons. However, the relationship among cigarette smoking, sleep disturbance and neurotransmitters has never been investigated in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Methods A total of 159 Chinese male subjects (81 active smokers and 78 non-smokers) who would undergo lumbar puncture before the surgery of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction were recruited and 5mL-CSF samples were collected incidentally. CSF levels of DA, DAT, 5-HT, and serotonin transporter were measured using radioimmunoassay and ELISA. Sociodemographic data and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scale were collected before surgery. Results PSQI global scores, SOL, and CSF DA levels were significantly higher in active smokers compared to non-smokers (2.00 [1.00–4.75] scores vs 4.00 [3.00–6.00] scores, p = 0.001; 10.00 [5.00–15.00] minutes vs 15.00 [10.00–30.00] minutes, p = 0.002; 87.20 [82.31–96.06]ng/mL vs 107.45 [92.78–114.38] ng/mL, p < 0.001), while CSF DAT levels were significantly lower in active smokers (0.35 [0.31–0.39] ng/mL vs 0.29 [0.26–0.34] ng/mL, p < 0.001). Conclusion Cigarette smoking was indeed associated with sleep disturbance, shown by prolonged SOL, higher DA levels and lower DAT levels in CSF of active smokers.

Behavioral and Neuronal Effects of Inhaled Bromine Gas: Oxidative Brain Stem Damage

“…Pathological conditions such as Parkinson's, schizophrenia, Huntington's, and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder have altered levels of dopamine [45]. Increased oxidative stress, such as in smoking, has also been shown to increase levels of both dopamine and serotonin [46]. Likewise, our results show an increase in dopamine (acutely at 3 h) and its rate-limiting enzyme, TyrH.…”

The relationship between poor sleep quality measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and smoking status according to sex and age: an analysis of the 2018 Korean Community Health Survey

“…The activation of nicotinic receptors leads to the release of several neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid. The deleterious effects of nicotine on sleep quality may be attributable to the independent and interactive effects of these neurotransmitters on the central mechanisms that regulate the sleep-wake cycle, resulting in increased sleep latency and contributing to sleep disturbance [ 28 - 30 ]. In addition to the direct action of nicotine on sleep mechanisms, smokers may experience withdrawal symptoms and cravings due to a reduction in their nicotine levels after sleep since the half-life of nicotine in the human body is only 1 hour to 2 hours.…”

Sleeping, Smoking, and Kidney Diseases: Evidence From the NHANES 2017–2018

“…Severe smoking status appears to have a causal effect on the circadian rhythm, and some evidence has shown that insomnia increases smoking heaviness and impedes cessation ( 48 ). Indeed, cigarette smoking has been shown to be associated with sleep disturbance via prolonged sleep-onset latency, higher dopamine levels, and lower dopamine transporter levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of active smokers ( 49 ). The symptoms of cigarette smoking and nicotine dependence were associated with poor sleep quality in young adult smokers ( 50 ).…”