&lt;p&gt;Calibrated measurement of acuity, color and stereopsis on a Nintendo&lt;sup&gt;&amp;reg;&lt;/sup&gt; 3DS&amp;trade; game console&lt;/p&gt;

Smith, Kyle A.; Damarjian, Alex; Molina, Aaron; Arnold, Robert W.

doi:10.2147/opto.s199992

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The rapid presentation scheme from fine to coarse resolution allows normal subjects to complete the screening very quickly. The device has been calibrated with normal children and adults, as well as patients with amblyopia, 25 , 38 strabismus, and color-vision deficiencies. 24 In one study, patients familiar with computers and video games initially were more rapid in scoring acuity, stereopsis, and color (112±14 seconds) than non–English speaking villagers (234±25 seconds), but the PDI Check was faster than conventional testing plates and books.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifaceted Amblyopia Screening with blinq, 2WIN, and PDI Check

Arnold¹,

Angi²

2022

OPTH

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Background: Novel devices target different facets of amblyopia risk factors (ARFs). Through birefringence, the Rebion blinq assesses binocular foveation. The Adaptica 2WIN is a multiradial infrared photorefractor that also estimates ocular alignment. PDI Check is a forced-choice, dynamic near-vision game for the autostereoscopic Nintendo 3DS. Methods: New and returning patients to a pediatric ophthalmology clinic had concomitant confirmatory exams after all three vision screens had been validated with ROC curves, Bland-Altman plots, and Alaska Blind Child Discovery ellipsoid grades. Exam outcomes were classified by ARF visual acuity, strabismus, binocularity, and refractive errors following the 2021 AAPOS guidelines and Bosque-Hunter rubric for the blinq. Results: A total of 202 ethnically diverse students aged 10±4 (4-19) years, 33% treatment-naïve, had a high (58%) prevalence of ARFs. Linear logMAR visual acuity, intereye differences, stereo and three-cone color correlated well between PDI Check and exams. Mean score on the 2WIN matched sphero-cylinder exam with ellipsoid scoring was 2.1±1.5. For AAPOS 2021 refractive plus strabismus, sensitivity/specificity for PDI Check was 68%/59%, 2WIN 72%/95%, and blinq 87%/32%. For the amblyopia or strabismus rubric, PDI Check was 79%/68%, 2WIN 56%/65%, and blinq 94%/37%. Conclusion: Each device had advantages and disadvantages in screening this cohort of older, high-prevalence students, many of whom had already been treated. Validation methods should cover more than just refraction, as the new 2021 AAPOS guidelines do.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifaceted Amblyopia Screening with blinq, 2WIN, and PDI Check

Arnold¹,

Angi²

2022

OPTH

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“…Recently, several investigations have been published proposing evaluation models based on the use of specific hardware, as Nintendo 3D 14 , 15 or 3D tablets. 16 These models have technical advantages over the model proposed in this article.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Smith et al proposed to measure the stereoacuity on a Nintendo 3DS. 14 , 15 And finally, Vancleef et al 16 proposed to measure the stereoacuity using an auto stereo 3D Tablet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Evaluation of the Agreement Between a Computerized Stereoscopic Game Test and the TNO Stereoacuity Test

Portela-Camino¹,

Martín-González²,

Ruiz-Alcocer³

et al. 2021

OPTO

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Purpose: Stereo-anomaly is commonly associated with amblyopia. An investigation was conducted to determine whether the measurements of stereoacuity obtained with the stereoacuity reference test (TNO Test) show an agreement with a computer stereoscope video game. Methods: Thirty-two subjects (mean age 9.37±2.00 years) with an amblyopia history were selected for a blind and randomized study of stereoacuity improvement through a new random dot game. A masked examiner measured the stereoacuity three times per subject using the TNO test (at the beginning, at the end and after 6 months of the treatment). A second masked examiner measured stereoacuity using the new computerized game after the TNO masked evaluation. Results: The Pearson's correlation coefficient one test against the other was r 2 = 0.767 and the Bland-Altman plot was r 2 = 0.069 (mean difference −0.03 log sec). Using three categories: poor (840-300 seconds of arc), coarse (480-210 seconds of arc) and moderate-fine stereoacuity (210-30 seconds of arc). Positive predictive values were 89.5% for moderatefine; 72.7% for coarse; and 90.0% for poor stereoacuity. In addition, the agreement was evaluated using the Kappa coefficient (K= 0.743) with a 0.95 confidence interval and lower and upper Kappa limits were (0.628 and 0.858), respectively. Kappa coefficient and limits were still good when analyzing data before (K =0.663, 0.420 and 0.906) and after the treatment (K= 0.765, 0.632 and 0.899). Conclusion:The Computerized Stereoscopic Game test allows the measure of stereoacuity. It can be used for both the purpose of detecting stereo vision deficits or tracking stereo vision development.

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“…We undertook this study using a novel, dynamic near vision application 5 , 6 on a Nintendo 3DS console to characterize the quality of vision in champion shotgun shooters in comparison with groups of age-matched, normal subjects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraordinary Dynamic Near Vision in Champion Shotgun Shooters: PDI Check Evaluation of Stereo and Color without Floor Effect

Brown

Rue²,

Smith³

et al. 2021

OPTH

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Background Conventional near and stereo tests have a “floor effect;” inability to discriminate normal from super-normal. Shotgun champions require unique performance in binocularity and rapid color discrimination. Patients and Methods Twenty-nine champion clay-target shooters, 14 normal Army and 12 color-normal subjects were tested with conventional near vision tests and on PDI-Check, a series of dynamic, near vision tests on the autostereoscopic Nintendo console. Results Conventional tested shotgunners had all perfect Ishihara and 75% best 40 sec Stereo fly while Army had 92%perfect Ishihara and 69% best stereo fly. On PDI-Check, experienced shotgunners with median stereo of 17 (IQR 12–41) arc sec were better than Army volunteers 59 (IQR 30 to 487) arc seconds (Mann–Whitney U=62, p=0.04). Median PDI-Check for shotgun compared to Army was 88% compared to 84% for blue cone, 90% compared to 84% for green and 77% compared to 72% (red, Mann–Whitney p=0.05). Adding dark cherry filter shooting glasses improved the red and green color detection (p<0.01). This study lacked power to detect eye dominance using PDI Check color or stereo. Conclusion Many champion shotgun shooters had outstanding dynamic near stereo and better-than-average color vision which could be optimized with dark filter spectacles for red and green hues. PDI Check not only helps identify abnormal binocularity and color vision, but it can clarify supranormal vision as well.

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<p>Calibrated measurement of acuity, color and stereopsis on a Nintendo<sup>®</sup> 3DS™ game console</p>

Cited by 9 publications

References 6 publications

Multifaceted Amblyopia Screening with blinq, 2WIN, and PDI Check

Multifaceted Amblyopia Screening with blinq, 2WIN, and PDI Check

An Evaluation of the Agreement Between a Computerized Stereoscopic Game Test and the TNO Stereoacuity Test

Extraordinary Dynamic Near Vision in Champion Shotgun Shooters: PDI Check Evaluation of Stereo and Color without Floor Effect

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