&lt;p&gt;COVID-19 in Children: An Ample Review&lt;/p&gt;

Ciucă, Ioana

doi:10.2147/rmhp.s257180

Cited by 56 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Digestive symptoms are presented in 8-10% of pediatric cases of COVID-19, including diarrhea, abdominal pain and discomfort and vomiting. 45 A systematic review observed that the prevalence of GI symptoms was 9.6% in children and 9.7% in adults, a difference that is not statistically significant. A review performed by Tian et al 46 found, that when compared with adults, children present similar percentages of diarrhea, but a considerable higher rate of vomiting.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 in children: a comprehensive review and pathophysiological considerations

Pousa¹,

Mendonça²,

Oliveira³

et al. 2021

Jornal de Pediatria

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Objective The aim of this review was to summarize the most common extrapulmonary manifestations in pediatric patients with COVID-19, as well as to discuss clinical, epidemiological, and pathophysiological aspects of these clinical presentations in children. Source of data An extensive search of literature was performed in order to identify pediatric cases with extrapulmonary manifestations between January 1, 2020 and June 21, 2020. Generic keywords, such as “Novel coronavirus” or “Novel coronavirus 2019” or “2019 nCoV” or “COVID-19” or “SARS-CoV-2” were searched on PubMed database, associated either with age filters or generic pediatric terms. Summary of findings A total of 28 articles, including 199 patients, were considered suitable to review and data extraction. The main findings were summarized in tables. The main non-pulmonary manifestations in pediatric patients, in decreasing order of frequency, were gastrointestinal, renal, cardiovascular, neurological, hematological and lymphatic, cutaneous, hepatic, ocular, olfactory, and gustatory. Multisystem impairment and Kawasaki-like disease were also described. Conclusions Differences in immune response of children and variations of tissue expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2, the virus receptor, are likely to influence clinical, epidemiological, and pathophysiological patterns of the disease.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 in children: a comprehensive review and pathophysiological considerations

Pousa¹,

Mendonça²,

Oliveira³

et al. 2021

Jornal de Pediatria

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“…In adult patients, inflammation markers and cytokine levels have been established as prognostic factors for severe disease. In pediatric patients, despite systematic reviews of observational studies, it has been difficult to find definitive criteria that can serve as prognostic markers for hospitalization, intensive care requirement, cytokine storm, and progression to respiratory failure or death [ 10 ]. Leukocyte abnormalities are usually inconsistent in children; therefore, the white blood cell count does not appear to be a reliable marker of disease severity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical characteristics and evolution of pediatric patients with acute leukemia and SARS-COV2 virus infection in a third level hospital in Mexico

Sánchez‐Jara

Torres-Jiménez

Campo-Martinez

et al. 2021

Pediatric Hematology Oncology Journal

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“…The COVID-19 pandemic has caused catastrophic disease worldwide, although children have been relatively spared [4]. Respiratory system involvement causing acute respiratory distress syndrome is the most common complication of SARS-CoV-2 in adults; however, children often have milder respiratory symptoms [9]. It seems other systems are also susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children-associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2: A case report and brief review of literature

Rajebhosale¹,

Aldisi²,

Altamr³

2020

Indian J Child Health

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, more than 25.1 million confirmed cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) including more than 844,000 deaths have been reported worldwide [1]. Limited data describe clinical manifestations of COVID-19 generally milder in children compared with adults but also show that some children do require hospitalization and intensive care support. Recently, a limited number of children with exposure to COVID-19 virus who developed significant systemic inflammatory response syndrome with clinical features overlapping with Kawasaki disease (KD) and toxic shock syndrome have been identified from Europe, North America, and various parts of the world [2]. This syndrome has been described in children after 2-4 weeks of exposure to COVID-19 virus suggesting aberrant cellular and humoral immune response to the virus [3]. This syndrome has been labeled by different terminologies such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [4], pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIM-TS) [5], and hyperinflammatory shock during COVID-19 pandemic [6]. Clinical and laboratory manifestations of MIS-C have been attributed to the antibodies produced against SARS-CoV-2. It has been postulated that these antibodies enhance the severity of infection by triggering inflammation or mediating organ damage [3]. Clinical similarity between KD and MIS-C implies a related underlying genetic architecture, supporting the hypothesis that the new disorder arises from aberrant T-or B-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 [7]. MIS-C shares overlapping clinical features with KD such as conjunctival injection, oropharyngeal findings (red and/ or cracked lips and strawberry tongue), rash, swollen and/or erythematous hands and feet, and cervical lymphadenopathy. However, some notable differences from KD include broader age range of presentation, more prominent gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms, more frequent presentation with shock, and more likely to display cardiac dysfunction (arrhythmias and ventricular dysfunction) [8]. Here, we report a case of a previously well 4-year-old female child who presented to us with MIS-C following exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and was successfully managed with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and intravenous (IV) steroids. CASE REPORT A 4-year-old female child who was previously well was brought with complaints of high-grade fever (>39°C), vomiting, and loose motions for 4 days. She developed a non-itchy, generalized rash all over the body 2 days before admission. It initially started

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<p>COVID-19 in Children: An Ample Review</p>

Cited by 56 publications

References 71 publications

Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 in children: a comprehensive review and pathophysiological considerations

Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 in children: a comprehensive review and pathophysiological considerations

Clinical characteristics and evolution of pediatric patients with acute leukemia and SARS-COV2 virus infection in a third level hospital in Mexico

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children-associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2: A case report and brief review of literature

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