<p>Diagnosing bluetongue virus in domestic ruminants: current perspectives</p>

Abstract

This review provides an overview of current and potential new diagnostic techniques against bluetongue virus (BTV), an Orbivirus transmitted by arthropods that affects ruminants. Bluetongue is a disease currently notifiable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), causing great economic losses due to decreased trade associated with bluetongue outbreaks and high mortality and morbidity. BTV cross-reacts with many antigenically related viruses including viruses that causes African Horse sickness and epizootic haemorrhagic disease of deer. Therefore, reliable diagnostic approaches to detect BTV among these other antigenically related viruses are used or being developed. The antigenic determinant for differentiation of virus species/serogroups among orbiviruses is the VP7 protein, meanwhile VP2 is serotype specific. Serologically, assays are established in many laboratories, based mainly on competitive ELISA or serum neutralization assay (virus neutralization assay [VNT]) although new techniques are being developed. Virus isolation from blood or semen is, additionally, another means of BTV diagnosis. Nevertheless, most of these techniques for viral isolation are time-consuming and expensive. Currently, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) panels or real-time RT-PCR are widely used methods although next-generation sequencing remains of interest for future virus diagnosis.

An updated review on bluetongue virus: epidemiology, pathobiology, and advances in diagnosis and control with special reference to India

“… 2015 ; Rojas et al. 2019 ). BTV antibodies are detected by using complement fixation test (CFT), agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID), competitive ELISA (c-ELISA), indirect ELISA (i-ELISA), and serum neutralisation test (SNT) (Afshar 1994 ; Dadhich 2004 ; Hamblin 2004 ; OIE 2008 ; Ranjan et al.…”

“… 2015 ; Rojas et al. 2019 ). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was used for the identification of genome segments of BTV (Ranjan et al.…”

Bluetongue Virus Nonstructural Protein 3 Orchestrates Virus Maturation and Drives Non-Lytic Egress via Two Polybasic Motifs

“…Since the 1950s, BTV has spread globally from Africa, through southern Europe, Asia and North America, and is currently endemic worldwide, causing periodic outbreaks with high morbidity, often with significant mortality and is consequently associated with substantial economic losses in the agricultural industry. Among the virus hosts, sheep and white-tailed deer exhibit the most severe clinical disease, characterized by ecchymosis, cardiac lesions, and hemorrhages [1][2][3], while BTV infection in other ruminants predominantly induces subclinical infection [4,5].…”

A quantitative analysis of the spatial and temporal evolution patterns of the bluetongue virus outbreak in the island of Lesvos, Greece, in 2014

“…Bluetongue (BT) is an infectious, vector‐borne disease of ruminants caused by the bluetongue virus (BTV), a member of the genus Orbivirus which belongs to the family Reoviridae . Twenty‐seven serotypes of BTV have so far been isolated and identified (Rojas, Rodríguez‐Martín, Martín, & Sevilla, 2019). BTV is transmitted between hosts by bites of Culicoides midges and replicates in all ruminants, but severe disease is restricted mainly to certain breeds of sheep and some deer (Taylor, 1986).…”