&lt;p&gt;Effect of Pandemic-Related Confinement on Vitamin D Status Among Children Aged 0–6 Years in Guangzhou, China: A Cross-Sectional Study&lt;/p&gt;

Yu, Li; Ke, Hai Jin; Che, Di; Luo, Shao Lan; Guo, Yong; Wu, Jie

doi:10.2147/rmhp.s282495

Cited by 30 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Although the COVID-19 outbreak caused no immediate reduction in serum 25(OH)D levels of infants and toddlers in Hong Kong, we found evidence of a progressive decline in their serum 25(OH)D levels over the course of social distancing and home confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study extends previous work examining the impact of pandemic-related confinement on vitamin status among young children [ 11 ]. In the face of a major and large disease outbreak, insufficient intake of nutrients particularly for young infants can occur.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Other possible factors that influence vitamin D synthesis include, but are not limited to, frequency of outdoor activities, coverage of skin by clothing, sun protection, skin pigmentation, being born prematurely, and parental knowledge regarding vitamin D [ 13 , 18 , 32 , 33 , 34 ]. Furthermore, for infants who are transitioning or have transitioned to solid food, their vitamin D level could be influenced by dietary patterns [ 11 ]. However, being born prematurely would not affect the results of this study because this was listed as one of our subject exclusion criteria.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To our knowledge, only one study on COVID-19-pandemic-related confinement conducted in the Guangzhou area of southern China has examined changes in 25(OH)D levels in children aged 6–84 months. The study found that reduced sunlight exposure during confinement was associated with lower 25(OH)D levels among children aged 3–6 years, and the 25(OH)D levels appeared to decline with increasing age [ 11 ]. In line with this finding, the present study supports the same notion that pandemic-related confinement has negative effects on children’s vitamin D levels and extends existing evidence by assessing the pre- and post-outbreak serum 25(OH)D levels among infants younger than six months old.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the importance of control measures during the COVID-19 pandemic, prolonged home confinement could negatively affect children’s health and development [ 9 ]. It has been posited that children undergoing long-term home confinement are more likely to be physically inactive, adopt unhealthy diets, and have limited sunlight exposure, which may put them at a greater risk of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency [ 9 , 10 , 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is because low sun exposure and poor eating habits as a result of prolonged home confinement and social distancing can limit vitamin D intake during COVID-19, and this reduction in vitamin D intake may in turn render infants and toddlers to have an increased risk of chronic diseases including rickets, food allergies, and atopic dermatitis later in life [ 13 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. To date, only one study has examined the effect of pandemic-related confinement on vitamin D level among children aged 6–84 months and its focus was on the initial outbreak of COVID-19 [ 11 ]. Furthermore, although the study addressed seasonality by comparing 25(OH)D levels in the same month before and after the pandemic, it did not take UVB radiation exposure into account, given that the ultraviolent (UV) index can vary across months and years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Serum Vitamin D Level among Infants and Toddlers: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis and before-and-after Comparison

Wong

Tung

et al. 2021

Nutrients

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Background: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the implementation of social distancing and home confinement measures may elevate the risk of vitamin D deficiency particularly for infants. This study aimed to quantify changes in vitamin D level among infants and toddlers in Hong Kong after the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods: We recruited 303 infants and toddlers aged 2–24 months by stratified random sampling from 1 June 2019 to November 30, 2020. Regression models were used to estimate the effect of time on infants’ serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level overall and by age groups before and after the outbreak. Interrupted time series (ITS) analysis was performed to examine the sustained effect of COVID-19 on their serum 25(OH)D level. Results: The ITS results showed no immediate reduction in serum 25(OH)D level among infants, but a decreasing trend was observed in the subsequent months post-outbreak at a monthly decline rate of −6.32 nmol/L. When analyzed by age group, the magnitude of post-outbreak reduction in 25(OH)D was stronger among younger infants (aged 2–6 months). Conclusion: Guidelines and recommendations should be given to pregnant women and mothers to ensure sufficient vitamin D level in their infants during the COVID-19 period.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Serum Vitamin D Level among Infants and Toddlers: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis and before-and-after Comparison

Wong

Tung

et al. 2021

Nutrients

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Is more prolonged sun exposure associated with healthier life habits and obesity indicators in Portuguese children?

Santos

Cavalheiro

Rodrigues

et al. 2023

American J Hum Biol

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ObjectivesSun exposure seems to have an indirect effect on the development of obesity through vitamin D synthesis in the skin, the primary source of this vitamin. The present study aimed to investigate associations among sun exposure time, obesity indicators, and lifestyle habits in children.MethodsA total of 4755 children (3–10 years; 49.86% boys) from the north, center and south‐central Portugal were included in the present study. During 2016/2017 children's sun exposure time, screen time, time devoted to the practice of physical activity and active play were collected through standard questionnaires answered by parents. Statistical analyses were conducted to investigate differences among sun exposure time according to the sex, age, obesity indicators and lifestyle habits.ResultsLinear regression analysis showed that sun exposure time presented a negative association with Body Mass Index (β = −0.09, 95% CI: −0.18; −0.003; p = .042), body fat % (β = −0.31, 95%; CI: −0.54; −0.07; p = .010), computer time (β = −0.08, 95% CI: −0.12; − 0.05; p < .0001) and a positive association with active play time (β = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.17; 0.27; p < .0001) and total time of physical activity practice (β = 10.01, 95% CI: 4.52; 15.20; p < .0001).ConclusionsThe results reinforce the need for future guidance on the ideal sun exposure time, especially in children, who are at risk for vitamin D deficiency. Standardization of criteria for classifying optimal sun exposure time in this age group, considering the parameters that affect vitamin D status, such as age and seasonality, should be considered when planning future guidelines.

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Impact of home confinement due to the COVID‐19 outbreak on vitamin D levels and trends among children with pneumonia aged 1–35 months

Wang,

Chen,

Huang

et al. 2023

Pediatric Discovery

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Vitamin D plays a vital role in immunity and is related to susceptibility and the severity of pneumonia. The home confinement caused by the novel coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) decreased sunlight exposure derived from outdoor activities in children, thereby possibly exerting an influence on 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels. The aim of this study is to quantify vitamin D level changes and trends among infants and toddlers with community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) during and post the home confinement period. This study included children who were hospitalized in the respiratory department of the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University with CAP between February 1 and July 31 from 2020 to 2022 (N = 397). We used propensity score matching to control the confounding bias. The levels and trends of the children's serum 25(OH)D concentrations overall and by age groups were compared between the different periods. The serum 25(OH)D concentration during the home confinement period was lower (p < 0.05) but was still at the vitamin D sufficiency level. There was a gradual decrease in the 25(OH)D concentrations in the subsequent several months after the beginning of home confinement, and the recovery time was delayed. When analyzed by age group, the serum 25(OH)D concentration of the toddler group changed more significantly than that of the infant group between the different periods. The insufficiency of sunlight exposure caused by home confinement resulted in a slight and gradual decrease in vitamin D levels among children with CAP. In addition, the impact was more significant for toddlers.

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<p>Effect of Pandemic-Related Confinement on Vitamin D Status Among Children Aged 0–6 Years in Guangzhou, China: A Cross-Sectional Study</p>

Cited by 30 publications

References 20 publications

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Serum Vitamin D Level among Infants and Toddlers: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis and before-and-after Comparison

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Serum Vitamin D Level among Infants and Toddlers: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis and before-and-after Comparison

Is more prolonged sun exposure associated with healthier life habits and obesity indicators in Portuguese children?

Impact of home confinement due to the COVID‐19 outbreak on vitamin D levels and trends among children with pneumonia aged 1–35 months

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