<p>Establishment of reference intervals for serum [−2]proPSA (p2PSA), %p2PSA and prostate health index in healthy men</p>

Abstract

Background Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer among men worldwide. Recent research has identified [−2]proPSA (p2PSA), %p2PSA and prostate health index ( phi ) as new biomarkers for the early diagnosis and grading of PCa. However, few studies have used these parameters in a healthy population. In this study, we aimed to establish reference intervals (RIs) for p2PSA, %p2PSA and phi in healthy men based on age stratification. Methods Between April 2016 and March 2018, healthy subjects were recruited. Healthy men were then stratified into four age groups: <40 years, 40–49 years, 50–59 years and ≥60 years. Total PSA (tPSA), free PSA (fPSA), %fPSA, p2PSA, %p2PSA and phi were measured and RIs were established for p2PSA, %p2PSA and phi . Results In total, 732 healthy men were used for analysis. The RIs of phi were 9.77–48.44 for <40 years of age, 9.85–65.28 for 40–49 years of age, 9.98–39.72 for 50–59 years of age and 8.16–40.76 for ≥60 years of age. The reference values at the age of 40–49 years were generally higher than those at ≥60 years of age. Conclusions Age-specific RIs for p2PSA, %p2PSA and phi were established in this study. This first set of established RIs will be invaluable for physicians to make precise medical decisions and carry out appropriate medical interventions.

On the information hidden in a classifier distribution

“…The width of the interval increased with age. This was mainly attributed to the increasing upper limit of the reference range with age, an observation in concordance with what has been reported earlier in several studies conducted on large number of people of various ethnic backgrounds 15 – 20 .

Figure 2 The reference range of the disease for each age.

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Molecular Biomarkers for the Detection of Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

“…Three of these could not be retrieved [17] , [18] , [19] . Sixty-five studies [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] , [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] , [45] , [46] , [47] , [48] , [49] , [50] , [51] , [52] , [53] , [54] , [55] , [56] , [57] , [58] , [59] , [60] , [61] , [62] , [63] , [64] , [65] , [66] , [67] , [68] , [69] , [70] , [71] , [72] , [73] , [74] , [75] , [76] , [77] , [78] , [79] , [80] , [81] , [82] , [83] , [84] , reported in 69 articles [20] , [21] ,…”

“…Included studies involved 34 287 men, 14 792 (43.14%) diagnosed with PCa and 7905 (23.06%) with csPCa. Not all studies included PSA-selected patients [23] , [25] , [78] , [84] , [87] , [27] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] , [40] , [53] , [74] . The selection criteria and main characteristics of participants are summarized in Table 2 .…”

Predictive value of standard serum markers for bone metastases in prostate cancer

“…However, recent studies have revealed that no biomarker alone is sufficient in diagnosis and a multivariable diagnostic approach is more eligible [5,8,9]. Nevertheless, due to some disadvantages of these markers, the free prostate-specific antigen/total prostate-specific antigen (free PSA/total PSA) ratio has become the most frequently used value in clinical practice [9,10]. Recently, it has been reported in the literature that the free PSA/total PSA ratio is more significant than PSA alone in differentiating prostate cancer and BPH in patients with serum total PSA levels between 4.0 and 10.0 ng/mL [11,12].…”