<p>Evaluation of Analgesic Activities of Extracts of Two Marine Molluscs: <em>Tympanotonus fuscatus</em> var radula (Linnaeus) and <em>Pachymelania aurita</em> (Müller)</p>

Abstract

Purpose and Methods In this study, the analgesic activity of the crude alcohol (acetone-methanol) and aqueous (in PBS, pH 7.2) extracts of the marine molluscs, Pachymelania aurita and Tympanotonus fuscatus, has been evaluated using the formalin test (for chronic antinociceptive) and the tail-flick (acute antinociceptive) pain models in male swiss albino mice. Results The results show that the extracts of P. aurita and T. fuscatus demonstrated high safety margins as single doses of up to 2000 mg/kg bwt proved to be well tolerated and non-lethal, although the alcohol extract of P. aurita caused necrosis in the liver and kidney when administered at a dose level of 2000 mg/kg bwt. In the formalin test, treatment with the aqueous extracts of P. aurita and T. fuscatus as well as the alcohol extract of T. fuscatus 30 min before the subcutaneous injection of 5% formalin to the paw of the mice resulted in a significant time- and dose-dependent reduction in total and phase 2a pain-related behavior and thus nociception. The extracts had no analgesic effect in tail-flick test up to the highest dose tested. Conclusion Hence, the results from both models indicate that the site of their analgesic action is probably peripheral.

Antiproliferative Activity of Euphorbia ingens Extract against Prostate Cancer Cell Line: An in silico and in vitro Analysis

“…Nevertheless, natural products provide an outlet for identification of promising new anticancer agents that are highly efficient with low toxicity [23]. Cancer cells exhibit sustained proliferation and resistance to cell death; and thus, compounds that can stop or slow down cell proliferation in rapidly dividing cells hold great promise as anticancer therapeutics [24]. Based on the cell-based MTT assay, our findings demonstrated a significant selective antiproliferative effects of extracts from E. ingens roots towards the DU-145 prostate cancer cell lines without affecting the non-cancerous ones (Vero E6).…”

“…Plates were then read on an Infinite M1000 by Tecan (a plate reader) using the absorbance at 570 nm. Experiments were carried out in triplicates, and the percentage cell survival was calculated using the formula below [24]:…”

Evaluating the in vitro Cytotoxicity of Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil on MCF-7 and HeLa Cancer Cell Lines

“…The activation of upstream regulatory proteins, such as p53, leads to the activation of downstream genes that trigger either cell repair (cycle arrest) or cell death via apoptosis. The different pathways are achieved using different mechanisms, including transactivation of unique genes, independent transcription mechanisms, and downregulation of special genes [38]. This is the first report that describes the upregulation of p53 in HeLa and MCF-7 cancer cell lines following treatment with TEO.…”

Microbial diversity of garden snail mucus

“…Mollusks do not possess acquired immunity. At the same time, they live in an environment that contains diverse microorganisms, and are exposed to many pathogens (Eghianruwa et al, 2019). The molluscan defense mechanisms are based on innate immunity and the presence of secondary metabolites.…”