<p>g-Nomic: a new pharmacogenetics interpretation software</p>

Abstract

We present g-Nomic, a pharmacogenetics interpretation software that analyzes globally a prescribed medication taking into account the personal background genetics, drug–drug interactions, lifestyle, nutritional supplements, inhibitors, inducers, and other risks to analyze primary or secondary metabolism pathways. G-Nomic provides a set of recommendations describing the suitability of a given combination of drugs for each patient according to their genes and polymedication. G-Nomic is updated monthly including data from the new drugs to be included, their known interactions, and the relevant pharmacokinetic biomarkers. For the interactions, the list is curated manually, only keeping those with clinical relevance. For each drug, their FDA and EMA drug labels are accessed, to check for relevant enzymes and transport proteins that influence its pharmacokinetics, and for their ability to induce or inhibit other enzymes, particularly the CYP-450 system. When this information is not available, a PubMed search is made to look for these characteristics. In addition, a distinction is made between drugs and prodrugs. A query on the g-Nomic software begins with entering the medication by either their common or commercial name. Non-pharmacological substances can be also added or selected under “lifestyle habits”. The lifestyle list is dynamic, showing only the substances known to interact with the drugs that are currently selected, and includes herb compounds, such as St. John’s wort, as well as proper lifestyle substances such as grapefruit or cigarette smoking. The software provides a list of the genes classified as primary biomarkers as candidates for genetic testing, and a list of the interactions that have been detected. If genetic information is available then, or is made available at a later point, these results can also be entered and the software returns pharmacogenetics recommendations regarding specific genotypes. g-Nomic takes all the above-mentioned parameters in an easy and user-friendly tool making prescription safer.

The Interplay between Gut Microbiota and Oral Medications and Its Impact on Advancing Precision Medicine

“…The availability of genomic and proteomic data will have a profound impact on accelerating the discovery of machine learning software to predict if a particular gene or a signature metabolite could be linked to a specific reaction leading to drug metabolism. Although multiple algorithms have been developed, they still need further improvement to address concerns such as accuracy and validity for translational medicine [ 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 ].…”

Applying Next-Generation Sequencing Platforms for Pharmacogenomic Testing in Clinical Practice

“…The tools as well as Stargazer, PharmCAT, Astrolabe, Aldy, Cypripi, include special algorithms, which were designed for the interpretation of the PGx variants ( Numanagić et al, 2015 ; Twist et al, 2016 ; Klein and Ritchie, 2018 ; Numanagić et al, 2018 ; Lee et al, 2019 ). Furthermore, some other tools including g-Nomic and PHARMIP were developed for providing recommendations based on the general information obtained from a PGx test ( Sabater et al, 2019 ; Zidan et al, 2020 ). The advantages and the disadvantages of each of the tools have been demonstrated previously in the literature ( Twesigomwe et al, 2020 ).…”

“…Cypripi is an algorithm that computationally assumes CYP2D6 genotype at base-pair resolution from the high throughput sequencing data. It can resolve complex genotypes, including the alleles that are the product of the duplication, deletion, and fusion events involving CYP2D6 and its related pseudogene, CYP2D7 Numanagić et al (2015) g-Nomic g-Nomic is PGx interpretation software that provides recommendations on the suitability of a given combination of drugs for each patient according to their genes and polymedication Sabater et al (2019) PHARMIP PHARMIP uses drug modeled structure and up-to-date bioinformatics tools and/or databases to understand the genetic factors that cause drug-related adverse reactions Zidan et al (2020) Cyrius Superior, accurate genotyping of CYP2D6 compared to other existing methods as well as Aldy and Stargazer. All types of variants and haplotype calling in addition to the structural and homology analysis will be covered for both GRCh38 and 37 genome builds systematic comparison of the functions of these three tools in calling different CYP2D6 variants.…”

Case Report: Fatigue and Bleeding in a Polymedicated Patient Using Several Herbal Supplementations, Detected with g-Nomic® Software

“…The patient’s medication regime was evaluated using g-Nomic® software 3 to check for interactions and possible genetic effects. In Figure 1 it is shown all the initial drugs entered in the personalized prescription software.…”