<p>Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using<em> Euphrasia officinalis</em> leaf extract to inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation through NF-&kappa;B and JAK/STAT pathways in RAW 264.7 macrophages</p>

Abstract

Background Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have potential applications in the treatment and diagnosis process, which are attributed to their biocompatibility and high efficiency of drug delivery. In the current study, we utilized an extract of Euphrasia officinalis , a traditional folk medicine, to synthesize gold nanoparticles (EO-AuNPs), and investigated their anti-inflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Materials and methods The AuNPs were synthesized from an ethanol extract of E. officinalis leaves and characterized using several analytical techniques. Anti-inflammatory activities of EO-AuNPs were detected by a model of LPS-induced upregulation of inflammatory mediators and cytokines including nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-1β, and IL-6 in RAW 264.7 cells. The activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and Janus kinase/signal transducer and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathways was investigated by Western blot. Results The results confirmed the successful synthesis of AuNPs by E. officinalis. Transmission electron microscopy images showed obvious uptake of EO-AuNPs and internalization into intracellular membrane–bound compartments, resembling endosomes and lysosomes by RAW 264.7 cells. Cell viability assays showed that EO-AuNPs exhibited little cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 cells at 100 µg/mL concentration after 24 hours. EO-AuNPs significantly suppressed the LPS-induced release of NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 as well as the expression of the iNOS gene and protein in RAW 264.7 cells. Further experiments demonstrated that pretreatment with EO-AuNPs significantly reduced the phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor kappa B-alpha and inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. In addition, EO-AuNPs suppressed LPS-stimulated inflammation by blocking the activation of JAK/STAT pathway. Conclusion The synthesized EO-AuNPs showed anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells, suggesting they may be potential candidates for treating inflammatory-mediated diseases.

Synthesis of Biogenic Gold Nanoparticles from Terminalia mantaly Extracts and the Evaluation of Their In Vitro Cytotoxic Effects in Cancer Cells

“…Table 2 indicates the optimal concentration (OC) of the plant extract and the corresponding λ max for the respective TM-AuNPs ( W TMSB-AuNPs, W TMR-AuNPs, W TML-AuNPs, M TMSB-AuNPs, M TMR-AuNPs and M TML-AuNPs) at both 25 °C and 70 °C. Based on the UV-visible spectrophotometry analysis, the TMR produced AuNPs with a lower peak height or optical density, which is an indication that either the nanoparticle concentration is lower or larger in size [ 40 , 41 ]. Figure 2 also shows that the temperature at which the synthesis was carried out significantly influenced the UV–visible spectra and characteristics of the AuNPs.…”

Chronic Hypoxia-Induced Microvessel Proliferation and Basal Membrane Degradation in the Bone Marrow of Rats Regulated through the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3/MMP-9 Pathway

“…We speculate that, with STAT3 inhibition, the MMP-9 expression downregulated, which attenuated the hypoxia-induced increase in MVD and BM degradation. e decreased MMP-9 level subsequently downregulated the serum IL-6 level through a negative feedback mechanism, which in turn decreased JAK2 phosphorylation, which further decreased STAT3 activation [61][62][63][64].…”

Intracellular synthesis of gold nanoparticles by Gluconacetobacter liquefaciens for delivery of peptide CopA3 and ginsenoside and anti-inflammatory effect on lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages

“…The characterisation of GNP-CK-CopA3 was determined by various instrumental techniques as previously reported [29], including ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), elemental mapping, X-ray diffraction (XRD), selected area diffraction (SAED), energydispersive X-ray (EDX), dynamic light scattering (DLS), photoluminescence (PL) [30], and fourier-transform infra-red (FTIR).…”

“…Cells were pre-treated with GNP-CK-CopA3 for 1 h and then treated with LPS (1 lg/mL) for another 6 h. Total RNA was prepared by a Trizol reagent kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The AccuPower RT PreMix Kit and AccuPower HotStar PCR PreMix Kit (Bioneer, Daejeon, Korea) were performed for RT-PCR following the previously published [29]. Sequences for all primers are provided in Table 1.…”