<p>High-Intensity Interval Training Reversed High-Fat Diet–Induced M1-Macrophage Polarization in Rat Adipose Tissue via Inhibition of NOTCH Signaling</p>

Abstract

Introduction: There is accumulating evidence on the beneficial effect of exercise intervention in the management of metabolic disorders; however, the molecular mechanism is still unclear. Here, the current study aimed to compare the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and continuous endurance training (CET) on serum and adipose-tissue markers of M1/M2 macrophage polarization. Methods: A total of 45 healthy male Wistar rats were divided into groups of normal chow (n=10) and high-fat diet (HFD) (n=35). Then, rats receiving the HFD were randomly divided into four groups. Training programs were performed for 5 days/week over 10 weeks. The CET protocol included 30 minutes running at 50%-60% of VO 2max . The HIIT protocol consisted of five repeated intervals of 2-minute sprints on the treadmill at 80%-90% VO 2max workload with 1 minute's 30%-35% VO 2max interval for each rat. Then, biochemical parameters were assessed. Macrophage-polarization markers were assessed at mRNA and protein levels by real-time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Results: Both exercise-training programs, especially HIIT, reversed increased serum biochemical parameters (glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance, and hsCRP), M1-polarization markers (circulating IL6, TNFα, and adipose-tissue mRNA expression of IL6, TNFα and iNOS), M2 markers (CD206, CD163, and IL10 expression), as well as pIκKB, pNFκB, and NICD expression in HFD-induced diabetes. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that despite devoting less time, the HIIT workout is a more effective intervention for diabetes management. Moreover, HIIT reverses HFD-induced macrophage polarization by targeting the NFκB and NOTCH signaling pathways.

The TOTUM-63 Supplement and High-Intensity Interval Training Combination Limits Weight Gain, Improves Glycemic Control, and Influences the Composition of Gut Mucosa-Associated Bacteria in Rats on a High Fat Diet

“…As nutritional strategy, we supplemented rats with T63, a polyphenol-rich natural supplement based on five plant extracts designed to reduce T2D risk factors. Concerning physical activity, a growing body of evidence in humans and rodents shows that HIIT is a more interesting strategy than Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training (MICT) for total and (intra-) abdominal FM reduction [ 36 , 37 , 38 ] and glucose control improvement [ 14 , 39 ]. In the study by Maillard et al [ 38 ], Zucker rats performed the same HIIT protocol (6 × (3 min at 10 m·min −1 /4 min at 18 m·min −1 )), but only for 10 weeks, with significant body composition changes.…”

“…HIIT effect on glycemic control are still unclear. After a 10-week HIIT program (5 × (2 min at 80–90%VO 2 max/1 min 30–35%VO 2 max)), Shanaki et al [ 39 ] observed lower fasting glycemia, fasting insulinemia and HOMA-IR in Wistar rats with HFD-induced obesity and diabetes. Conversely, Khalafi et al [ 52 ] did not detect any change in fasting insulinemia.…”

Dysregulation of Leukocyte Trafficking in Type 2 Diabetes: Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Avenues

“…Using an HFD-induced rat model of T2DM, Shanaki et al reported increased serum and adipose tissue levels of IL-6 and TNFα in T2DM rats compared to control animals. This pro-inflammatory shift was linked to higher fasting plasma glucose levels and insulin resistance in the diabetic animals ( Shanaki et al, 2020 ). The impact of long-term diabetes on the functions of macrophages was investigated using a 5-month old db/db mice model of T2DM ( Liu et al, 2012 ).…”

Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Patients with Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with a Meta-Regression and Mapping Report

“…In contrast, other authors have found that HIIT induced an acute increase in IL-6 levels [ 80 , 81 ]; however, Pedersen proposed that this acute liberation will then induce an anti-inflammatory response [ 82 ]. Shanaki et al observed a decrease in pro-inflammatory M1-macrophage markers and an increase in anti-inflammatory M2-macrophage markers in mice after HIIT [ 83 ]. However, not all musculoskeletal conditions show reduced pain intensity in parallel with a decrease in pro-nociceptive or inflammatory serum markers [ 76 , 84 ], and not all musculoskeletal conditions progress with an increased inflammatory state [ 76 ].…”