<p>Oncometabolites as biomarkers in thyroid cancer: a systematic review</p>

Abstract

Introduction Thyroid cancer (TC) is an important common endocrine malignancy, and its incidence has increased in the past decades. The current TC diagnosis and classification tools are fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and histological examination following thyroidectomy. The metabolite profile alterations of thyroid cells (oncometabolites) can be considered for current TC diagnosis and management protocols. Methods This systematic review focuses on metabolite alterations within the plasma, FNA specimens, and tissue of malignant TC contrary to benign, goiter, or healthy TC samples. A systematic search of MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases was conducted, and the final 31 studies investigating metabolite biomarkers of TC were included. Results A total of 15 targeted studies and 16 untargeted studies revealed several potential metabolite signatures of TC such as glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose, 2-keto- d -gluconic acid and rhamnose, malonic acid and inosine, cholesterol and arachidonic acid, glycosylation (immunoglobulin G [IgG] Fc-glycosylation), outer mitochondrial membrane 20 (TOMM20), monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4), choline, choline derivatives, myo-/scyllo-inositol, lactate, fatty acids, several amino acids, cell membrane phospholipids, estrogen metabolites such as 16 alpha-OH E1/2-OH E1 and catechol estrogens (2-OH E1), and purine and pyrimidine metabolites, which were suggested as the TC oncometabolite. Conclusion Citrate was suggested as the first most significant biomarker and lactate as the second one. Further research is needed to confirm these biomarkers as the TC diagnostic oncometabolite.

<p>The Blood Biomarkers of Thyroid Cancer</p>

“…3 But in view of the limited accuracy of ultrasound diagnosis, and the defect that pFNA depends too much on the diagnostic level of the pathology department of the medical institution and due to the small sample size, some specimens cannot be diagnosed, repeated puncture or intraoperative frozen pathology should be done to make the diagnosis, we need to find a biomarker to assist or even replace existing diagnostic methods. 4 Blood is the most convenient and difficult-to-contaminate body fluid in the diagnosis of diseases, and various tumor markers in blood have been widely used in the diagnostic procedures, which confirmed its value in the diagnosis of tumors. As an important endocrine organ in the body, the thyroid has a wide range of effects on the human body, and its canceration will undoubtedly be reflected in the blood.…”

The Potential of Metabolomics in the Diagnosis of Thyroid Cancer

“…This could be performed through metabolomic data collection in multicentre studies; however, it is extremely important to develop and strictly follow the same standard operating procedures to ensure that data can be combined. The compilation of the literature results in systematic reviews can also aid in confirming the most significant biomarkers for thyroid cancer; for example, Khatami et al suggested citrate and lactate [105]. It is only by cross-validating information that these biomarkers can be incorporated into clinical decision making.…”

Nutraceuticals in Thyroidology: A Review of in Vitro, and in Vivo Animal Studies

“…Recently, carnitine has been reported as a potential candidate biomarker able to discriminate between normal and thyroid cancer cells, however, further studies are needed to confirm carnitine as the thyroid cancer diagnostic oncometabolite [13]. Of interest, a recent Turkish study [14] used 40 guinea pigs to assess the protective effects of amifostine (200 mg/kg ip), L-carnitine (200 mg/kg ip), or vitamin E (40 mg/kg im) against high dose radioactive iodine (131I) treatment-induced salivary gland damage.…”