<p>Pathogenesis and Prevention of Worsening Axial Elongation in Pathological Myopia</p>

Abstract

Purpose: This review discusses the etiology and pathogenesis of myopia, prevention of disease progression and worsening axial elongation, and emerging myopia treatment modalities. Introduction: Pediatric myopia is a public health concern that impacts young children worldwide and is associated with numerous future ocular diseases such as cataract, glaucoma, retinal detachment and other chorioretinal abnormalities. While the exact mechanism of myopia of the human eye remains obscure, several studies have reported on the role of environmental and genetic factors in the disease development.Methods: A review of literature was conducted. PubMed and Medline were searched for combinations and derivatives of the keywords including, but not limited to, "pediatric myopia", "axial elongation", "scleral remodeling" or "atropine." The PubMed and Medline database search were performed for randomized control trials, systematic reviews and metaanalyses using the same keyword combinations. Results: Studies have reported that detection of genetic correlations and modification of environmental influences may have a significant impact in myopia progression, axial elongation and future myopic ocular complications. The conventional pharmacotherapy of pediatric myopia addresses the improvement in visual acuity and prevention of amblyopia but does not affect axial elongation or myopia progression. Several studies have published varying treatments, including optical, pharmacological and surgical management, which show great promise for a more precise control of myopia and preservation of ocular health. Discussion: Understanding the role of factors influencing the onset and progression of pediatric myopia will facilitate the development of successful treatments, reduction of disease burden, arrest of progression and improvement in future of the management of myopia.

Dioptric power and refractive behaviour: a review of methods and applications

“…We have isolated this topic from the previous sections due to the rapidly increasing global prevalence of myopia and the large impact, now and in the future, that myopia is likely to exert on the global public health system and individual quality of life also 131. Moderate to severe myopia are important for effects in relation to foveal integrity and retinal nerve fibre layer thickness as well as factors such as retinal detachment 131.…”

Auricular acupressure for myopia prevention and control in children and its effect on choroid and retina: a randomized controlled trial protocol

“…Hence, the rapidly increasing prevalence of myopia is of worldwide concern in the twenty-first century. Early-onset myopia may progress to high myopia, which predisposes the patients to a series of sight-threatening pathological consequences, such as retinal detachment and macular degeneration [ 11 ]. Therefore, a strategy to postpone the age of myopia onset has become an important issue to be solved urgently.…”

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“…Children in urban areas have a 2.6 higher risk than those in rural areas to develop myopia, for all ethnic groups and the ratio of girls vs. boys is 2: 1 until they reach the age of 18 [28]. The high rate of myopia in urban areas lies in the crowded environment [29], working too much in front of computer, documents [30,31], some researchers attesting there is a link between time spent outside and the onset of [32].…”