<p>Perfluorocarbons-Based ¹⁹F Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Biomedicine</p>

Abstract

Fluorine-19 (19 F) magnetic resonance (MR) molecular imaging is a promising noninvasive and quantitative molecular imaging approach with intensive research due to the high sensitivity and low endogenous background signal of the 19 F atom in vivo. Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have been used as blood substitutes since 1970s. More recently, a variety of PFC nanoparticles have been designed for the detection and imaging of physiological and pathological changes. These molecular imaging probes have been developed to label cells, target specific epitopes in tumors, monitor the prognosis and therapy efficacy and quantitate characterization of tumors and changes in tumor microenvironment noninvasively, therefore, significantly improving the prognosis and therapy efficacy. Herein, we discuss the recent development and applications of 19 F MR techniques with PFC nanoparticles in biomedicine, with particular emphasis on ligand-targeted and quantitative 19 F MR imaging approaches for tumor detection, oxygenation measurement, smart stimulus response and therapy efficacy monitoring, et al.

Imaging of Inflammation in Spinal Cord Injury: Novel Insights on the Usage of PFC-Based Contrast Agents

“…19 F MRI was then employed to track immune cell recruitment in a model of SCI. Fluorinated compounds have been used several times to track inflammatory conditions, exploiting both ex-vivo or in vivo labeling [ 59 ]. However, especially for direct in vivo labeling, the protocols adopted in terms of the number of NPs administrations and days of follow-up are often discordant.…”

Development of Multilayer Mesenchymal Stem Cell Cell Sheets

“…Axolotl blastema cells, labeled with SPIO, were detected up to 84 days after transplantation in an Axolotl [110]. Other compounds for direct labeling, such as the 19F-perfluorocarbon, could be used for single cell tracking [111] but it could be more challenging when the goal is to label a multilayer cell sheet [112]. The decreasing rate of the tracker intensity signal is related with the frequency of cell division.…”

“…[110,[122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141]. SPIO: superparamagnetic iron oxides; 111lnOc: (111)In-oxine; 18F-FDG: [fluorine-18]fluoro-D-glucose; 64 Cu-PTSM: 64Cu-pyruvaldehyde-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone); RFP: red fluorescent protein; GFP: green fluorescent protein; Fluc: firefly luciferase; Rluc: renilla luciferase; NIS: sodium iodide symporter; HSV1-TK: herpes simplex virus type 1-thymidine kinase; D2R: Dopamine type 2 receptor.…”

19F MRI Probes for Multimodal Imaging**

“…[10][11][12] Numerous possible applications of 19 F MRI have been proposed, as well as a wide range of probe designs. Applications include responsive probes that can detect enzymatic activity or other environmental changes such as pH, redox activity, and metal ion concentration [10] and targetspecific probes aimed at visualization of tumors [13] or cell labelling. [14] This review focuses on the possibility of hybridizing other imaging techniques with 19 F MRI.…”