<p>Personalized treatment options for thyroid cancer: current perspectives</p>

Abstract

Thyroid cancer is one of the most common endocrine malignancies, with increasing incidence all over the world. In spite of good prognosis for differentiated thyroid carcinoma, for an unknown reason, about 5-10% of the patients, the cancer will show aggressive behavior, develop metastasis, and be refractory to treatment strategies like radioactive iodine. Regarding the genetic information, each thyroid cancer patient can be considered as an individual unique one, with unique genetic information. Contrary to standard chemotherapy drugs, target therapy components aim at one or more definite molecular pathway on cancer cells, so their selection is underlying patient's genetic information. Nowadays, several mutations and rearrangements including BRAF, VEGF receptors, RET, and RET/PTC, KDR, KIT, PDGFRA, CD274, and JAK2 are taken into account for the therapeutic components like larotrectinib (TRK inhibitor), vemurafenib, sunitinib, sorafenib, selumetinib, and axitinib. With the new concept of personalized treatment of thyroid cancer diagnoses, planning treatment, finding out how well treatment will work, and estimating a prognosis has changed for the better over the last decade.

Case Report: Management of an Elderly Patient With Metastatic Radioiodine-Resistant Differentiated Thyroid Cancer in a Rural Community, Remote From Specialist Oncology Services

“…Presentation of metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer as a single sacral metastasis is uncommon ( 3 ). As this type of cancer is often amenable to treatment ( 4 ), prompt diagnosis is essential to optimize patient outcomes. Although diagnosis in patients in rural areas may be more rapid than in urban populations because of reduced wait times to see a doctor, there are still significant challenges in the treatment and care of a patient with a rare cancer living in a small rural community at a great distance from a specialist cancer center ( 5 – 8 ).…”

Molecular Markers Guiding Thyroid Cancer Management

“…To enhance the diagnostic sensitivity of FNA results, enable molecular testing and to help guiding management in indeterminate nodules where no other indication for surgery (size, compressive symptoms, personal preference, high risk features on imaging) are present, molecular profiles and markers need to be identified and their diagnostic and prognostic role defined [87]. Molecular markers currently in use include immunohistochemistry, classical genomic alteration (point mutations, deletions, insertion), gene fusions causing rearrangements and translocation, copy number variations, microRNA (miRNA), and circulating markers of disease [17,88]. The most relevant alterations and markers will be discussed below.…”

Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute from inception to maturity: an overview of 25-year activity

“…Following expanding EMRI activities, six years later than second promotion (2018), three new research centers including Personalized Medicine Research Center, Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, and one another research institute (Translational Endocrinology) were added to EMRI with the aim of moving toward high tech molecular and cellular advanced research in the field of endocrinology and multidisciplinary studies and conducting research on the edge of the frontiers of knowledge [ 55 – 57 ].…”