<p>Predictors of Metabolic Syndrome Among People Living with HIV in Gedeo-Zone, Southern-Ethiopia: A Case–Control Study</p>

Abstract

Background: Intensive access to antiretroviral therapy improved the prognosis of HIV. As a result, a non-communicable disease risk marker known as metabolic syndrome (MS) has emerged. It is a public health issue in sub-Saharan Africa including Ethiopia. However, there is little literature on predictors of MS among people living with HIV (PLHIVs) in the study area context. Purpose: To identify predictors of metabolic syndrome among PLHIVs, Gedeo Zone, Southern-Ethiopia. Methods: Health institutions-based unmatched case-control study was conducted. All HIVinfected adult persons who are receiving routine care in the randomly selected two hospitals and two health centers of the Gedeo zone, southern Ethiopia were involved in the study, conducted from December 29 th , 2017, to January 22 nd , 2019. PLHIVs diagnosed with MS using ATP III criteria were considered as a case, and subjects free of MS in the survey were enrolled as controls. Binary logistic regression was employed to identify predictors of MS. Results: A total of 633 (139 cases and 494 controls) PLHIVs were included in the study. The multivariable analysis result found that age (AOR=1.09, 95% CI (1.05-1.12)); educational status being completed secondary school (AOR=0.22, 95% CI (0.02-0.42)); occupational status being of students (AOR=0.11, 95% CI (0.24-0.51)); wealth index being in the middle quintile (AOR=0.22, 95% CI (0.06-0.79)); ART status exposed to ART (AOR=3.07, 95% CI (1.37-6.89)); total physical activity state being physically active (AOR=0.36, 95% CI (0.16-0.79)), and engaged in low levels physical activity (AOR=3.83, 95% CI (1.46-10.05)) were the factors significantly associated with MS. Conclusion: While education, occupation, wealth index, antiretroviral therapy status, total physical activity, and lower physical activity levels were concluded by the study as modifiable predictors of metabolic syndrome, age was found as a non-modifiable independent risk of metabolic syndrome. There is a need for an ongoing effort to realize an integrated care plan that addresses both the routine care and regular screening programs to reduce the risks associated with MS and its traits in these subjects.

Determinants of Dyslipidemia in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…This is in agreement with other studies (41,73). In contrast, other studies found contradicting results (74,75). This may be due to differences in lifestyle.…”

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2022 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association

“…Prevalent MetS is also directly associated with stress 151 ; elevated intraocular pressure among people without glaucoma 152 ; sensorineural hearing loss among people with Turner syndrome 153 ; exposure to pesticides 154 ; exposure to antiretroviral therapy among adults living with HIV 155 ; elevated urine sodium 156 ; poor sleep characteristics 157 ; OSA 158 ; snoring 159 ; microalbuminuria 160 ; sarcopenia in middle-aged and older nonobese adults 161 ; visceral fat level 162 ; hypoactive sexual desire disorder among postmenopausal women 163 ; high heavy metal exposure 164 ; and high occupational noise exposure. 165…”

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among people living with human immunodeficiency virus in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Twenty-two studies reported impaired fasting glucose and Low HDL levels 22 , 24 , 26 , 28 – 32 , 34 – 44 , 46 – 48 , 24 studies reported high triglyceride levels, and 20 studies reported hypertension/raised BP and increased waist circumference/abdominal obesity 21 , 22 , 24 – 29 , 31 , 32 , 34 , 35 , 37 – 42 , 44 , 45 , 48 prevalence among PLHIV. The sub-components of MetS prevalence differed significantly among studies conducted in sub-Saharan Africa for PLHIV.…”