Abstract:Background: Despite chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) being the commonest non-communicable disease in Nepal, there is limited research evidence estimating the spirometry-based burden of COPD. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of COPD and its correlates through a community-based survey in Pokhara Metropolitan City, a semiurban area of Western Nepal. Methods: A cross-sectional household survey was conducted among 1459 adults ≥40 years. COPD was defined according to the Global Initiative for C… Show more
“…Ghaffar et al found that in South Asian countries, including Nepal, poorer people burn wood as fuel in their homes, especially in winter, which may likely increase the indoor air pollution and contribute to the burden of COPD [ 12 ]. These results are in line with the results published from Nepal and Sri Lanka that suggest a significant burden of COPD in the non-smoker population [ 2 , 9 , 16 ].…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 92%
“…According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the prevalence of smoking is 56.5% in men and 19.5% in women. However, the prevalence of COPD appears to be higher among Nepali women than men [ 2 , 3 ]. These high numbers from Nepal could be attributed to the fact that, in Nepal, more than 85% of households (98% in rural areas) are rural dwellers and still rely on biomass fuel.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These high numbers from Nepal could be attributed to the fact that, in Nepal, more than 85% of households (98% in rural areas) are rural dwellers and still rely on biomass fuel. Thus, they are most susceptible to COPD due to their cooking habits in poorly ventilated kitchens, which leads to high-level exposure to particulate matter at home [ 2 ]. Ghaffar et al found that in South Asian countries, including Nepal, poorer people burn wood as fuel in their homes, especially in winter, which may likely increase the indoor air pollution and contribute to the burden of COPD [ 12 ].…”
Introduction: There is much recent data from Nepal, Sri Lanka and Malaysia that can help us understand the practice patterns of physicians regarding the diagnosis and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in these countries. We conducted this survey to understand the practice patterns of physicians related to the diagnosis and management of COPD in these three countries. Methods: This questionnaire-based, observational, multicentre, cross-sectional survey was carried out with 438 randomly selected physicians consulting COPD patients. Results: In the survey, 73.29% of the physicians consulted at least five COPD patients daily (all patients [ 40 years of age). 31.14% of the COPD patients visiting their doctors were
“…Ghaffar et al found that in South Asian countries, including Nepal, poorer people burn wood as fuel in their homes, especially in winter, which may likely increase the indoor air pollution and contribute to the burden of COPD [ 12 ]. These results are in line with the results published from Nepal and Sri Lanka that suggest a significant burden of COPD in the non-smoker population [ 2 , 9 , 16 ].…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 92%
“…According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the prevalence of smoking is 56.5% in men and 19.5% in women. However, the prevalence of COPD appears to be higher among Nepali women than men [ 2 , 3 ]. These high numbers from Nepal could be attributed to the fact that, in Nepal, more than 85% of households (98% in rural areas) are rural dwellers and still rely on biomass fuel.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These high numbers from Nepal could be attributed to the fact that, in Nepal, more than 85% of households (98% in rural areas) are rural dwellers and still rely on biomass fuel. Thus, they are most susceptible to COPD due to their cooking habits in poorly ventilated kitchens, which leads to high-level exposure to particulate matter at home [ 2 ]. Ghaffar et al found that in South Asian countries, including Nepal, poorer people burn wood as fuel in their homes, especially in winter, which may likely increase the indoor air pollution and contribute to the burden of COPD [ 12 ].…”
Introduction: There is much recent data from Nepal, Sri Lanka and Malaysia that can help us understand the practice patterns of physicians regarding the diagnosis and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in these countries. We conducted this survey to understand the practice patterns of physicians related to the diagnosis and management of COPD in these three countries. Methods: This questionnaire-based, observational, multicentre, cross-sectional survey was carried out with 438 randomly selected physicians consulting COPD patients. Results: In the survey, 73.29% of the physicians consulted at least five COPD patients daily (all patients [ 40 years of age). 31.14% of the COPD patients visiting their doctors were
“…3 Due to the higher smoking rates and aging of population, its prevalence and number of deaths are still increasing. 4,5 The most common cause of COPD is smoking, 6 while other factors can also contribute to the onset of this disease, mainly including secondhand smoke, pollution and fumes, age, infections, occupational dusts/chemicals, untreated asthma and genetic factors such as deficiency of alpha-1 antitrypsin. 7 The possible pathogenesis of COPD is strongly linked to chronic inflammatory responses due to the activation of many cell types such as myeloid cells and epithelial cells in response to possible irritants (such as those released from tobacco or polluted air) in the lung of genetically susceptible individuals.…”
“… 3 Due to the higher smoking rates and aging of population, its prevalence and number of deaths are still increasing. 4 , 5 Figure 1 Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in selected countries, 1990–2019. Data are from the Global Burden of Disease.…”
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an inflammatory lung disease characterized by chronic airway obstruction and emphysema. Accumulating studies have shown that the onset and development of COPD are related to an aberrant immune response induced by the dysregulation of a number of genetic and environmental factors, while the exact pathogenesis of this disease is not well defined. Emerging studies based on tests on samples from COPD patients, animal models, pharmacological and genetic data suggest that the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation is required in the lung inflammatory responses in the development of COPD. Although the available clinical studies targeting the inflammasome effector cytokine, IL-1β, or IL-1 signaling do not show positive outcomes for COPD treatment, many alternative strategies have been proposed by recent emerging studies. Here, we highlight the recent progress in our understanding of the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in COPD and propose possible future studies that may further elucidate the roles of the inflammasome in the pathogenesis or the intervention of this inflammatory lung disease.
Background and Aims
Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) substantially contribute to morbidity and mortality globally and in Nepal. However, there is a paucity of evidence on the trend and the burden of CRDs in Nepal. This study reports the trend of the burden and contribution of major risk factors to CRDs in Nepal from 1990 to 2019.
Methods
This study is an observational study using publicly available data from Global Burden of Disease 2019 estimations for Nepal. The age‐standardized and age‐specific prevalence, incidence, mortality, disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs), and risk factors for CRDs in Nepal were extracted to measure the burden and its trend. The data are presented as percentages or as rates per 100,000 population.
Results
The age‐standardized incidence rate of CRDs in Nepal in 2019 was 913.6 per 100,000 (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 828.7–1000.1), which was an increase of 7.7% from 848.6 per 100,000 (95% UI: 780.2–918.2) in 1990. However, the age‐standardized prevalence rate [4453/100,000 (4234.2–4671.8) in 1990; 4457.1/100,000 (4255.2–4666.8) in 2019] was almost stagnant. Most CRDs attributed to deaths and DALYs were due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Conclusions
Air pollution and smoking are the main risk factors for DALYs due to CRDs in Nepal. This surging burden of the incidence rate of CRDs in Nepal calls for more effective actions to curb the risk factors and diseases.
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