<p>Some of the Factors Involved in Male Infertility: A Prospective Review</p>

Abstract

Infertility is defined as the inability of couples to have a baby after one year of regular unprotected intercourse, affecting 10 to 15% of couples. According to the latest WHO statistics, approximately 50-80 million people worldwide sufer from infertility, and male factors are responsible for approximately 20-30% of all infertility cases. The diagnosis of infertility in men is mainly based on semen analysis. The main parameters of semen include: concentration, appearance and motility of sperm. Causes of infertility in men include a variety of things including hormonal disorders, physical problems, lifestyle problems, psychological issues, sex problems, chromosomal abnormalities and single-gene defects. Despite numerous efforts by researchers to identify the underlying causes of male infertility, about 70% of cases remain unknown. These statistics show a lack of understanding of the mechanisms involved in male infertility. This article focuses on the histology of testicular tissue samples, the male reproductive structure, factors affecting male infertility, strategies available to find genes involved in infertility, existing therapeutic methods for male infertility, and sperm recovery in infertile men.

The effects of varicocelectomy on the DNA fragmentation index and other sperm parameters: a meta-analysis

“…The prevalence of clinically relevant varicocele ranges from 5 to 20%. It has affected 19-41% of men with primary infertility and 45-81% of men with secondary infertility [1][2][3][4]. The higher prevalence of varicocele in men with secondary infertility than in those with primary infertility suggests that varicocele is most likely a progressive condition, rather than a static pathological condition, resulting in potential functional and structural testicular damage [5].…”

Human amnion mesenchymal stem cells restore spermatogenesis in mice with busulfan-induced testis toxicity by inhibiting apoptosis and oxidative stress

“…Approximately 15% of the couples fail to fertility, and male factors are involved in half [ 3 ]. Although many factors, such as genetics, hormonal disorders, psychological stress, sex problems, obesity, medications, and substances, as well as a variety of unknown etiologies, may contribute to male infertility, the failure to produce sperm is the main manifestation of severe oligospermia and azoospermia which exhibits male infertility phenotypes [ 4 – 6 ].…”

High mRNA expression of GABA receptors in human sperm with oligoasthenoteratozoospermia and teratozoospermia and its association with sperm parameters and intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcomes

“…Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is an assisted reproductive technology for the treatment of infertility, which is defined the inability to conceive after 12 months of regular sexual intercourse without contraception [ 20 ]. Currently, up to 50% (reported range, 20%–70%) of the infertile population, corresponding to roughly 50–80 million people worldwide, is affected by male factor infertility, which mostly involves low sperm quality [ 21 , 22 ]. The ICSI procedure not only bypasses the processes of natural sperm selection for fertilization that naturally occur within the female reproductive tract such as capacitation, hyperactivation, and the acrosome reaction, but it also omits the process of sperm-oocyte plasma membrane fusion [ 23 ].…”