<p>The resistance mechanism of <em>Escherichia coli</em> induced by ampicillin in laboratory</p>

Abstract

BackgroundMulti-drug-resistant Escherichia coli poses a great threat to human health, especially resistant to ampicillin (AMP), but the mechanism of drug resistance is not very clear.PurposeTo understand the mechanism of resistance of E. coli to beta-lactam antibiotics by inducing drug resistance of sensitive bacteria in laboratory.MethodsClinical sensitive E. coli strain was induced into resistance strain by 1/2 minimum inhibitive concentration (MIC) induced trails of AMP. The drug resistance spectrum was measured by modified K-B susceptibility test. Whole-genome sequencing analysis was used to analyze primary sensitive strain, and resequencing was used to analyze induced strains. Protein tertiary structure encoded by the gene containing single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was analyzed by bioinformatics.ResultsAfter 315 hrs induced, the MIC value of E. coli 15743 reached to 256 µg/mL, 64 times higher than that of the sensitive bacteria. During the induction process, the bacterial resistance process is divided into two stages. The rate of drug resistance occurs rapidly before reaching the critical concentration of 32 µg/mL, and then the resistance rate slows down. Sequencing of the genome of resistant strain showed that E. coli 15743 drug-resistant strain with the MIC values of 32 and 256 µg/mL contained four and eight non-synonymous SNPs, respectively. These non-synonymous SNPs were distributed in the genes of frdD, ftsI, acrB, OmpD, marR, VgrG, and envZ.ConclusionThese studies will improve our understanding of the molecular mechanism of AMP resistance of E. coli, and may provide the basis for prevention and control of multi-drug-resistant bacteria and generation of new antibiotics to treat E. coli infection.

Multiple Novel Traits without Immediate Benefits Originate in Bacteria Evolving on Single Antibiotics

“…Finally, one of the ampicillin clones had a 1 bp insertion in the gene frdD which encodes one of two integral membrane proteins in the four subunit fumarate reductase complex. Mutation of frdD has been implicated in the resistance for ampicillin ( Li et al 2019 ). Although the mechanism is unknown, frdD is thought to be involved in a metabolic pathway that confers resistance to ampicillin ( Li et al 2019 ).…”

“…Mutation of frdD has been implicated in the resistance for ampicillin ( Li et al 2019 ). Although the mechanism is unknown, frdD is thought to be involved in a metabolic pathway that confers resistance to ampicillin ( Li et al 2019 ). The other ampicillin clone harbored a single small insertion in the gene fimE that regulates the expression of type I fimbrae.…”

Antibiotics in Food Chain: The Consequences for Antibiotic Resistance

“… Gastrointestinal sequelae: Guillain-Barré syndrome Fluoroquinolones, erythromycin Food-producing animals (poultry) tetO, gyrA [ 39 , 40 ] 2 Enterococcus spp. Sepsis, urinary tract Aminoglycosides ampicillin vancomycin Food-producing animals (poultry); People exposed to hospital care, food animals Tuf , VanC-1, VanC-2-VanC-3, pbp5 [ 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ] 3 E. coli Gastrointestinal, urinary tract, diarrhoea Quinolones sulphonamides trimethoprim Childcare facilities Bla, qnrS, frdD [ 46 , 47 , 48 ] 4 Salmonella spp. (non-typhoidal) Gastrointestinal, diarrhoea Cephalosporins quinolones tetracyclines Food-producing animals (pigs, cows, poultry) IntI1, qnrA [ 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ] 5 S. pneumoniae Otitis media, pneumonia, sinusitis, meningitis Penicillin, macrolides, cephalosporins, tetracyclines Childcare facilities, paediatric populations …”

Application of phage therapy: Synergistic effect of phage EcSw (ΦEcSw) and antibiotic combination towards antibiotic‐resistant Escherichia coli

“…In our previous report, E. coli Sw1 isolated from faeces of piglets having diarrhoea was resistance to ampicillin (93%), penicillin (69%), kanamycin (63%) and tetracycline (46%) at 100 µg ml −1 (Easwaran, Paudel, De Zoysa, & Shin, 2015). Generally, ampicillin could penetrate Gram‐positive as well as Gram‐negative bacteria and inhibits the bacterial cell wall synthesis, and finally undergoes cell lysis resulting in bacteriolytic activity (Li et al., 2019). Kanamycin interferes the protein synthesis by binding 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosomes, allowing incorrect alignment with the mRNA, thus causing incorrect placing of amino acid into the peptide (Marti et al, 2019).…”