<p>Visceral bed involvement in thromboangiitis obliterans: a systematic review</p>

Abstract

One of the challenges of thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) management is in the patients whose other vascular beds are involved and it remains a challenge to know whether to pursue invasive procedures or to continue medical treatment for such TAO patients. The aim of this review was to investigate reports of the involvement of the visceral vessels in TAO and the related clinical manifestations, management approaches and outcomes. According to our systematic review, the frequency of published articles, the organs most commonly involved were the gastrointestinal tract, the heart, the central nervous system, the eye, the kidneys, the urogenital system, the mucocutaneous zones, joints, lymphohematopoietic system and the ear. Notably, reports of the involvement of almost all organs have been made in relation to TAO. There were several reports of TAO presentation in other organs before disease diagnosis, in which the involvement of the extremities presented after visceral involvement. The characteristics of the visceral arteries looked like the arteries of the extremities according to angiography or aortography. Also, in autopsies of TAO patients, the vascular involvement of multiple organs has been noted. Moreover, systemic medical treatment could lead to the recovery of the patient from the onset of visceral TAO. This study reveals that TAO may be a systemic disease and patients should be aware of the possible involvement of other organs along with the attendant warning signs. Also, early systemic medical treatment of such patients may lead to better outcomes and reduce the overall mortality rate.

<p>Incidence, Characteristics, Laboratory Findings and Outcomes in Acro-Ischemia in COVID-19 Patients</p>

“…has been postulated as causal agent and not tobacco itself. 30 , 31 After pulmonary Raynaud´s phenomenon, proinflammatory biomarkers are increased in distance organs, which could explain all microvascular events of the disease´s inflammatory phases. 32 , 33 The balance between the thrombotic and inflammatory states is only the response of each organism to a multisystemic ischemia-reperfusion syndrome.…”

Untitled

“…Its diagnostic test is simple combining a number of clinical criteria published by Olin in 2000 [8,9]. These diagnostic criteria do not include ischemic damage to organs other than the extremities, although several publications have shown its systemic involvement preceding or occurring after the diagnosis of the disease, such as cerebral, visceral, ophthalmological and other damage [10][11][12].…”

Buerger's disease: autoimmune disease involving multiple hypersensitivity types

“…In the clinic, patients with TAO often have repeated recurrences and chronic stability.stage In acute episodes of TAO, the course of the disease is managed using immunosuppressive agents [16] and immunoadsorption agents to remove TAO antibodies [17,18]. TAO patients will sometimes experience damage to both extremities and viscera [23,24], which indicates TAO may be a systemic autoimmune disease. Changes in sex hormones have an impact on immune function and may lead to autoimmune diseases.…”