<strong>Antibody Response and Therapy in COVID-19 Patients: Significance in Vaccine Development</strong>

Abstract

The newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected millions of people and caused tremendous morbidity and mortality worldwide. Effective treatment for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to SARS-CoV-2 infection is lacking and different therapeutic strategies are under testing. Host humoral and cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection is a critical determinant for patients&amp;rsquo; outcome. SARS-CoV-2 infection results in seroconversion and production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The antibodies may suppress viral replication through neutralization but also might also participate in COVID-19 pathogenesis through a process termed antibody-dependent enhancement. Rapid progress has been made in the research of antibody response and therapy in COVID-19 patients including characterization of the clinical features of antibody responses in different populations infected by SARS-CoV-2, treatment of COVID-19 patients with convalescent plasma and intravenous immunoglobin products, isolation and characterization of a large panel of monoclonal neutralizing antibodies, as well as preliminary clinical results from several COVID-19 vaccine candidates. In this review, we summarize the recent progress and discuss the implications of these findings in vaccine development.

Development and application of therapeutic antibodies against COVID-19

“…Current treatment for COVID-19, therefore, is still mainly based on supportive and symptomatic care. Fortunately, all kinds of therapeutic antibodies have also been developed and applied in hundreds of clinical trials, showing promising results [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45]. This review focuses on the development and application of therapeutic antibody therapies for COVID-19 in polyclonal, monoclonal, and cocktail format, addressing relevant progress, problems, challenges, possible strategies, and solutions.…”

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 targeted antibodies cocktail and B cell receptor interplay: interventions to trigger vaccine development

“…Intriguing genome mapping reveals 79.6% identity features between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV [8]. Following the tremendous increase in death toll and severity of the disease, healthcare emergencies have posed an urgent call for developing vaccines, suitable drug candidates, and high-affinity antibodies (Abs) to combat the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic [5,[9][10][11][12]. At present, several antiviral drugs (remdesivir, umifenovir, lponavir, ritonavir) alone or in combination with antimalarial (chloroquine) and antibacterial are repurposed to achieve therapeutic efficacy [1,[13][14][15].…”

“…To investigate mRNA and DNA, PCR-directed amplification techniques and protein assays are broadly undergoing [44]. Similarly, Ab production against specific SARS-CoV-2 viral infections, including NAbs against N, RBD, and S proteins, could be detected to confirm the persistence of the virus [10]. Patients suffering from SARS-CoV-2 infection have been reported positive for Ab production [10].…”

“…Similarly, Ab production against specific SARS-CoV-2 viral infections, including NAbs against N, RBD, and S proteins, could be detected to confirm the persistence of the virus [10]. Patients suffering from SARS-CoV-2 infection have been reported positive for Ab production [10]. Several studies have reported the onset of triggered cytokine (IL-18, IL-8, IL-6) production in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients, suggesting positive biomarkers to trigger diagnostic levels [45].…”

Immunoinformatic Responses of Host MHC I/II and CD4+ Cells Against Conserved Spike Fragments of SARS CoV-2 of 186 Countries With In-Silico Mutations: Implications in Universal Vaccination

“…Our earlier study has indicated some spike epitope capable in the generation of MHC responses [8]. In contrary, it is also evident that the antibodies may suppress viral replication through neutralization but might also augment SARS CoV-2 pathogenesis through a process termed antibody-dependent enhancement [9]. Many of the studies elicited vaccine e cacy in polyfunctional S-speci c (some time exposed amino acids of S proteins) CD4+ (mainly Th1) and CD8 + T-cell responses, with a T effector memory phenotype.…”