The sections in this article are
Introduction
Exposure Tools
Image Formation and Resolution
Contact and Proximity Printing
Optical Mask Aligner
X‐Ray Stepper
Projection Printing
Near
UV
Projection Systems
Deep
UV
Projection Systems
Nonconventional
UV
Lithography
Post‐Optical Lithography
Photoresist Processing
Quality Control and Resist Deposition
Purity and Storage Stability
Resist Coating
Resist Exposure and Development
Characteristic Curve and Standing Wave Effects
Process Latitudes
Dissolution Rate and Development Methods
Pattern Inspection and Resist Profile Simulation
Etching, Resist Stripping and Planarization
Photoresists
Principles of Photoresist Chemistry
Negative‐Tone Resists
Photocrossslinking Via Azides
Free‐Radical‐Initiated Polymerization
Acid‐Catalyzed Crosslinking
Positive‐Tone Resists
Dissolution Inhibition/Dissolution Promotion
Acid‐Catalyzed Deblocking
Polymer Degradation
Solvents for Photoresists and Main Resist Suppliers
Special Photoresist Techniques
Nonconventional Diazo Resist Processes
Resist Profile Modification and Image Reversal
Bilayer Systems for Contrast Enhancement
Suppression of Reflections and Standing Wave Effects
Dyed Resists
Antireflective Layers
Silicon‐Containing Multilayer Resists
Negative‐Tone Silicon Bilayer Resists
Positive‐Tone Silicon Bilayer Resists
Top Surface Imaging
Gas Phase Silylation Systems
Liquid Phase Silylation Systems
Trends in Photolithography