&lt;title&gt;Absolute temperature stability of passive imaging radiometers&lt;/title&gt;

Millimetre Wave and Terahertz Sensors and Technology XII

2019

Our recent studies in the human skin signatures indicate a strong correlation between the human skin emissivity and factors such as the body mass index, the gender, the age, and the ethnicities of the participants. The key innovation in this is in recognising that signatures from the human body enable regions of the body to be identified as skin. This will enable increased the detection probabilities of anomalies, and reduced the false alarm rates in security screening portals. This is a capability that is being demanded internationally by governments and in the UK by the Home Office Future Aviation Security Solutions (FASS) programme and the Joint Security and Resilience Centre (JSaRC). In this paper, radiometric measurements conducted on human skin in the millimetre wave band region (80-100) GHz show variation in the human skin emissivity before and after conducting physical activity (jogging) subject to the same participant. The measurements were conducted on the palm of the hand and the back of the hand skin. The measurements reveal that the emissivity of the skin is significantly lower in the rest state of the body compared with the active state by mean values of 0.088 and 0.07 for the palm of the hand and the back of the hand skin respectively. The differences in the mean emissivity values were found to be linked to the length of time exercising and the hydration level of the skin i.e. (sweat). Radiometric measurements on palms of the hand and on the back of the hand skin before and after the application of an aqueous gel indicate a strong correlation between the human skin signature and the hydration level of the skin. The mean differences in emissivity values before and after the application of an aqueous gel indicate a scatter in the range of 0.02 to 0.26. These findings suggested trends in the human skin emissivity and indicate the potential of a new non-contact passive method for remote sensing of the physical state of human beings. Understanding these signatures and variations of the human skin emissivity are very important for both security screening (anomalies detection) and medical applications (non-invasive diagnosis of human body).

Section: The System (Passive Sensor)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation in the electromagnetic signatures of the human skin with physical activity and hydration level of the skin

Millimetre Wave and Terahertz Sensors and Technology XII

2019

“…A radiometer measures the thermal (Planck) radiation, and for radiation frequencies below the midinfrared band the intensity of the emission is directly proportional to the temperature of the object, enabling images to be calibrated in degrees Kelvin [14]. The level of thermal emission emitted from human skin can be measured experimentally, applying a linear calibration, using black body emission sources [15]; one at the temperature of the background, T H and the other held at a lower temperature, T C .…”

Section: Measurement Equipmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic Signatures of Human Skin in the Millimeter Wave Band 80-100 GHZ

Rezgui

2018

PIER B

Abstract-Due to changes in global security requirements attention is turning to new means by which anomalies on the human body might be identified. For security screening systems operating in the millimeter wave band anomalies can be identified by measuring the emissivities of subjects. As the interaction of millimeter waves with the human body is only a fraction of a millimeter into the skin and clothing has a small, but known effect, precise measurement of the emission and reflection of this radiation will allow comparisons with the norm for that region of the body and person category. A technique to measure the human skin emissivity in vivo over the frequency band 80 GHz to 100 GHz is developed and described. The mean emissivity values of the skin of a sample of 60 healthy participants (36 males and 24 females) measured using a 90 GHz calibrated radiometer were found to range from 0.17±0.005 to 0.68±0.005. The lower values of emissivity are a result of measuring particularly thin skin on the inner wrist, volar side of the forearm, and back of hand, whereas higher values of emissivity are results of measuring thick skin on the outer wrist, dorsal surface of the forearm, and palm of hand. The mean differences in the emissivity between Asian and European male participants were calculated to be in the range of 0.04 to 0.11 over all measurement locations. Experimental measurements of the emissivity for male and female participants having normal and high body mass index indicate that the mean differences in the emissivity are in the range of 0.05 to 0.15 for all measurement locations. These results show the quantitative variations in the skin emissivity between locations, gender, and individuals. The mean differences in the emissivity values between dry and wet skin on the palm of hand and back of hand regions were found to be 0.143 and 0.066 respectively. These results confirm that radiometry can, as a non-contact method, identify surfaces attached to the human skin in tens of seconds. These results indicate a route to machine anomaly detection that may increase the through-put speed, the detection probabilities and reduce the false alarm rates in security screening portals.

“…A radiometer is an instrument that measures the thermal (Planck) radiation. For radiation frequencies below the mid-infrared band the intensity of the emission is directly proportional to the temperature of the object, thus enabling regions of the image to be calibrated in degrees Kelvin [38]. Calibration of the radiometer is done using two stable blackbody radiator sources, one at a low temperature T C and the other at a high temperature T H [37,39,40].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Bandaged Burn Wounds Using Porcine Skin and Millimetric Radiometry

Shylo

et al. 2019

Sensors

This paper describes the experimental setup and measurements of the emissivity of porcine skin samples over the band of 80–100 GHz. Measurements were conducted on samples with and without dressing materials and before and after the application of localized heat treatments. Experimental measurements indicate that the differences in the mean emissivity values between unburned skin and burned damaged skin was up to ~0.28, with an experimental measurement uncertainty of ±0.005. Measured differences in the mean emissivity values between unburned and burn damaged skin increases with the depth of the burn, indicating a possible non-contact technique for assessing the degree of a burn. The mean emissivity of the dressed burned skin was found to be slightly higher than the undressed burned skin, typically ~0.01 to ~0.02 higher. This indicates that the signature of the burn caused by the application of localized heat treatments is observable through dressing materials. These findings reveal that radiometry, as a non-contact method, is capable of distinguishing between normal and burn-damaged skin under dressing materials without their often-painful removal. This indicates the potential of using millimeter wave (MMW) radiometry as a new type of medical diagnostic to monitor burn wounds.