<title>Biosensor technology for the detection of illegal drugs I: objectives, preparatory work, and drug enrichment</title>

Vapor Pressure of Hexamethylene Triperoxide Diamine (HMTD) Estimated Using Secondary Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

“…Thus, both cocaine and heroin vapors were used instead of HMTD vapor to calibrate the instrument response. Cocaine was selected for this purpose because its vapor pressure has been measured − , and its saturated vapor pressure at 20 °C has been reported to be 79–389 parts per trillion by volume (ppt v ), which is close to the value calculated for HMTD of 32 ppt v . A summary of published vapor pressure data for cocaine-free base is presented in Table .…”

“…Cocaine was selected for this purpose because its vapor pressure has been measured 28−31 , and its saturated vapor pressure at 20 °C has been reported to be 79−389 parts per trillion by volume (ppt v ), which is close to the value calculated for HMTD of 32 ppt v . 29 A summary of published vapor pressure data for cocaine-free base is presented in Table 1. Heroin was selected because its vapor pressure has also been reported, 28 albeit by fewer researchers than for cocaine.…”

“…The equations used in this work to calculate the vapor pressure of both cocaine and heroin were drawn from Lawrence et al 28 because the full experimental description, results, and temperature range over which measurements were made were provided in the report and mirror those used in this work ( Ziegler et al 30 or the model and fit coefficients in Hilpert et al 29 ) or their published values deviated significantly from those reported previously. Thus, the values of Lawrence et al 28 were used in this report, where, in addition to the cocaine coefficients listed in Table 1, the heroin vapor pressure coefficients of A = 16.2 and B = 7549 were reported for the vapor pressure equation log 10 P = A − B/T.…”

Vehicle-Mounted Portable Mass Spectrometry System for the Covert Detection via Spatial Analysis of Clandestine Methamphetamine Laboratories

“…Even solvents, such as pyridine from the Leuckart synthetic method, have been focused on as a detectable material and subsequent rapid methods have been developed with IMS and photoionization for their detection . Field-deployable systems have been used in clandestine lab sites and have been utilized in forensic processing of the scene. , Biosensors and immunosensors have been developed to detect the presence of illegal drugs and even explosive chemicals. − Further overviews specifically toward IMS − and other detection technologies have been well documented …”