<title>Fail-safe design of an all BK-7 glass aircraft window</title>

Abstract

A failsafe design of a BK-7 glass window for commercial aircraft use is presented which meets the stringent requirements of the Federal Air Regulations. This may be the first ever commercially approved all glass design for aircraft use in the USA.An all glass design is often essential for both visible and near infrared photography in order to meet the stringent specifications and resolution demanded by high acuity optical systems. However, glass is subject to slow crack growth and static fatigue in the presence of moisture and tensile surface flaws. Exposed surfaces on aircraft are subject to scratches from handung and cleaning, as well as impact due to hail, windblown sand, and high altitude, high velocity airborne dust. Additionally, defects are present due to the manufacturing process itself. Such flaws may grown quickly in the presence of high stress, as induced by cabin internal pressure, thermal gradients and soaks, aircraft racking loads, and aerodynamic pressure.In order to yield an acceptable design, a dual pane glass concept is presented which exhibits a safe life in excess of 10,000 hours and is also failsafe in the unlikely event of a catastrophic failure of one of the panes. Reliability of the design is based on extensive coupon testing by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, validating crack growth parameters and survival probability. These coupons were subject to induced scratches, hail, sand, and dust impact (performed by General Research Corporation). A full-scale failsafe test is also made to show the ability of the dual pane design to withstand maximum loading in the event of a single pane failure.

Estimation and Prediction for the Poisson-Exponential Distribution Based on Type-II Censored Data

“…In this section, we analyze a real data set taken from Pepi (1994). This data set represents the failure lifetimes of all-glass airplane window design that measure polished window strength.…”

Extrapolation of Fracture Mirror and Crack‐Branch Sizes to Large Dimensions in Biaxial Strength Tests of Glass

“…The resulting crack traveled over half a meter to the window edges without branching. 1 Shetty et al 19 noted a threshold branching stress of 10 ± 4 MPa in soda-lime glass which they attributed to residual stresses, the use of annealed specimens notwithstanding. (The investigators postulated that the anneal may not have been complete.)…”

“…Although Eqs. (1) and (2) are generally accepted, their derivation has been shown to be flawed 13 and the energy criterion, although conceptually credible, is insufficient in proposed mathematical forms to predict mirror, mist, or hackle formation in brittle materials.…”

Estimation of stress-strength reliability for poisson-exponential distribution under progressive type II censoring

“…Here, we consider a data analysis for the data set reported by Pepi (1994) [9] . The data set describes the all-glass airplane window design that measure polished window strength.…”