<title>Morphological change of tooth surface irradiated by Er:YAG laser</title>

Influence of energy and pulse repetition rate of Er:YAG laser on enamel ablation ability and morphological analysis of the laser‐irradiated surface

“…At any given pulse repetition rate utilized in this study, a little increment in the energy setting produces an increase in enamel mass loss rate. The increase in energy density produces craters with higher diameter and depth 1, 19. Lizarelli et al11 reported that the crater diameter grows as a function of energy level per pulse with a clear tendency to achieve saturation at high energy levels.…”

“…The increase of pulse repetition rate promotes release of heat that is partially deposited in dental surface as residual heat 2, 15, 16. The excessive temperature rise may cause fused and recrystallization areas, modifying the permeability of the dental surface,5, 16–19 which can hamper the adhesion process 7, 14, 20, 21. Animal experiments showed that thermal side effects and pulp irritation can be prevented if pulse repetition rates of 1–4 Hz with energy of 100–400 mJ are used under water cooling 22, 23.…”

Influence of pulse repetition rate of Er:YAG laser and dentin depth on tensile bond strength of dentin–resin interface

“…1 The amount of dental tissue removal and, thus, the dentin-modified layer produced by Er:YAG laser are dependent on some parameters, mainly the output energy and pulse-repetition rate. 1,[9][10][11][12][13] The laser-irradiated dentin presents scaly surface with open dentinal tubules and lack of smear layer. 14 These features led some authors to assume that the etching pattern created by the laser irradiation can improve bonding procedures.…”

Effect of Erbium-Doped Yttrium Aluminium Garnet Laser Parameters on Ablation Capacity and Morphology of Primary Dentin

“…6,23,24 Higher energies produced surface irregularities with greater ablation of intertubular dentin, which resulted in a protruded appearance of peritubular dentin and obliterated dentinal tubules. These results are in agreement with those of previously reported data, [25][26][27][28] which indicate that Er:YAG laser interaction is more intensive on substrates with higher water content.…”