<title>Photoactivatable silanes for the site-specific immobilization of antibodies</title>

Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) array biosensors for biothreat agents for food safety and food defense

“…Flow channels (Bernard, Michel, & Delamarche, 2000;Delamarche, Juncker, & Schmid, 2005;Feldstein et al, 1999;Rowe, Scruggs, Feldstein, Golden, & Ligler, 1999), constructed wells (Wadkins, Golden, Pritsiolas, & Ligler, 1998) or stencils (Ziegler, Zimmermann, Hunziker, & Delamarche, 2008), contact and noncontact arrayers (www.zeptosens.com); (Delehanty & Ligler, 2002;Duveneck et al, 2002), lithography (Kannan, Casterlino, Chen, & Majumdar, 2006), and photopatterning (Conrad, Davis, Golightley, Bart, & Ligler, 1997;Liu, Wang, Herron, & Prestwich, 2000) have all been used to create discrete arrays on planar waveguides. A novel approach used a microsphere-based approach for spatial separation of immunoassays (Wellman & Sepaniak, 2007).…”

TIRF Array Biosensor for Environmental Monitoring

“…Another possibility is the introduction of monolayers resistant to nonspecific adsorption of proteins in the non-sensing regions of the planar waveguide. Monolayers consisting of oligoethylene oxide terminal groups have been found to be highly protein resistant in SPR [ 143,144], TIRF studies [ 111] and interferometric studies [ 34,36]. This approach, however, may not prevent nonspecific adsorption to the sensing regions of the planar waveguide [ 111].…”

“…In the method developed by Conrad et al [ 111,112], the photochemically active silane, o-nitrobenzyl polyethylene glycol trichlorosilane, was attached to a glass waveguide. Photo-oxidation of the PEG-terminated silane through a mask cleaved the carbamate to yield an amino-terminal PEG and a surface-bound o-nitrosobenzaldehyde.…”

Fluorescence-based array biosensors for detection of biohazards

“…Photolithographic patterning of proteins on surfaces has been utilized by a number of researchers (Conrad et al. 1997, 1998; Guschin et al.…”

“…1995; Huang et al. 1996), and the prevention of nonspecific interactions could improve the sensitivity of TIRF measurements (Conrad et al. 1997).…”