1999
DOI: 10.1117/12.342849
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<title>Pixel-level processing: why, what, and how?</title>

Abstract: Pixel level processing promises many significant advantages including high SNR, low power, and the ability to adapt image capture and processing to different environments by processing signals during integration. However, the severe limitation on pixel size has precluded its mainstream use. In this paper we argue that CMOS technology scaling will make pixel level processing increasingly popular. Since pixel size is limited primarily by optical and light collection considerations, as CMOS technology scales, an … Show more

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Cited by 72 publications
(23 citation statements)
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“…However, as CMOS image sensors scale to 0.18 µm processes and under, integrating a processing element at each pixel or group of neighboring pixels becomes feasible. More significantly, employing a processing element per pixel offers the opportunity to achieve massively parallel computations and thus the ability to implement full image systems requiring significant processing such as digital cameras and computational sensors (Loinaz, 1998;Smith, 1998;Gamal, 1999). The last significant progress in CMOS technologies make possible the realization of vision systems on chip (VSoCs).…”
Section: A Outlooks On Microelectronic Implementationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, as CMOS image sensors scale to 0.18 µm processes and under, integrating a processing element at each pixel or group of neighboring pixels becomes feasible. More significantly, employing a processing element per pixel offers the opportunity to achieve massively parallel computations and thus the ability to implement full image systems requiring significant processing such as digital cameras and computational sensors (Loinaz, 1998;Smith, 1998;Gamal, 1999). The last significant progress in CMOS technologies make possible the realization of vision systems on chip (VSoCs).…”
Section: A Outlooks On Microelectronic Implementationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In a CMOS technology, sensor readout can be non-destructive, thereby allowing for multiple read-outs during exposure; read-outs that can be utilized for enhancing signal-to-noise ratio and dynamic range at both the high and low illumination ends. Furthermore, these multiple frames can be obtained with only one reset noise added to the signal 14 .…”
Section: System Descriptionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The architecture of the pixel is a digital sensor pixel 3,4 with an implementation of the analog-to-digital converter using a classical Gray code counter common to the array of pixels combined with a pulse generator and memory devices. Figures 2͑a͒ and 2͑b͒ represent the schematic circuit diagram of the pixel and its layout.…”
Section: Pixel Designmentioning
confidence: 99%