<title>Results of joint processing of radar and proper radio thermal signals of observed media</title>

<title>Efficiency of sea surface microwave signatures' detection and classification by synergetic application of altimeter and slight tilted radiometer data</title>

“…The value of such a radar contrast depends on and decrease when increases. The results [5,7,8,9,12,14,15] show that the values of sea surface radio thermal contrasts originating due to the changes of short wave spectrum characteristics ) , ( * u K S or ) (K S s may reach 10-20K in dependence of the atmospheric stratification condition. In Fig.…”

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6]. The changes some of them have comparable influence on the changes of absolute values of sea surface radar backscattering coefficient and its brightness temperature [7,8]. This ambiguity is the main obstacle when one tries to solve a microwave inverse-problem by separate utilization of radar or radiometer data of observation.…”

“…Therefore, for an unambiguous and high precise solution of sea surface microwave remote sensing inverseproblem it is necessary to have a set of independent measurements or equations. The results of various researches show that microwave signals backscattered from and emitted by the sea surface may be considered as independent variables [1,2,5,[7][8][9]. Taking into account also that the results of altimeter and down looking radiometer observations have particular interest, because under such a condition of observation it is possible to neglect the influence of wind direction on the absolute values and fluctuations of sea surface radar backscattering coefficient and its brightness temperature, a sense in combining of data of altimeter and down looking or feebly tilted radiometer observations is appears.…”

Measurements of snow, bare, and vegetated soil microwave reflective and emissive characteristic angular dependencies at 5.6GHz

“…In particular, soil and snow microwave reflective and emissive characteristics (radar backscattering coefficients and brightness temperatures) are complex functions of the following principal parameters: soil and snow moistures, soil and snow temperatures, soil type, snow depth, soil and snow structures, soil and snow salinities, soil vegetation characteristics, snow melting time, etc. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. For unambiguous and precise retrieval of a specified parameter, such as soil or snow moisture, snow depth and melting time, soil salinity, ice salinity, snow or soil temperature, near surface air temperature and wind field parameters, etc., it is necessary to have a priori information about other influenced parameters or to synergy various independent and differing techniques and data of measurements.…”

C-band polarimetric combined short-pulse scatterometer/radiometer system for platform and vessel application

“…In particular, the sea surface microwave reflective and emission characteristics (radar backscattering coefficient and brightness temperature) are complex functions of the following principal parameters: current wind speed and direction, sea wave condition (a swell condition), air and water temperatures, water salinity and surface pollution [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. The situation is more complicated for soil, snow and vegetation remote sensing, since the number of influenced parameters significantly increase.…”