<title>Robust labeling methods for copy protection of images</title>

Application of ICA in Watermarking

“…The results of these experiments show that this method is robust against the above attacks. Moreover, we show superiority of the proposed method over some well-known embedding methods, by comparing our results to those of the methods given in (Cox et al, 1997;Langelaar et al, 1997;M.Wang et al, 1998) that embed the watermark in different domains. It is to be noted that we have used FastICA algorithm (Hyvärinen, 1999) in our simulations.…”

“…In the watermarked image that is shown in Fig. 14(a), PSNR is equal to 52.87dB, whereas the PSNR in the methods of (Cox et al, 1997), (Langelaar et al, 1997) and (M. Wang et al, 1998) are equal to 38.4dB, 36.7dB and 34.2dB, respectively. To study the extraction process, we use Bite Error Rate (BER) that is defined as: BER = Number of error bits Number of total embedded bits .…”

“…22(c) for the case of the cameraman. Results of a brief comparison made with two other well-known watermarking methods (Langelaar et al, 1997;M.Wang et al, 1998) are shown in Fig.22(b) against different JPEG quality factors. …”

“…Early image watermarking schemes operated directly in spatial domain, which were mostly associated with poor robustness properties. Accordingly, different transform domains have been studied in the last decade to improve the efficiency and the robustness of watermarking methods (Bounkong et al, 2003;Cox et al, 1997;Langelaar et al, 1997;M.Wang et al, 1998). One of the most effective transform in this area is ICA transform.…”

Optimal differential energy watermarking of DCT encoded images and video

“…In addition to conventional identification solutions such as the insertion of visual logos into the image or video data, and protection of the data through scrambling or encryption of the imagery or bit streams, the recently introduced data labeling or watermarking technique is being considered as a viable alternative [1], [2], [13], [26], [29]. By embedding an invisible and robust watermark into the image or video data, unauthorized copies can be traced [6], [8], [15], [17], [28] and copy protection schemes can be implemented [11], [12], [14]. There are several approaches to embed a watermark into an image or video frame.…”