“…Electron sources are the core components of various vacuum electron devices, and as such, they are widely used in displays, 1 electron microscopy, 2 traveling-wave tubes, 3 medical diagnosis, 4 free-electron lasers, 5,6 X-ray sources, 7 and other fields. Conventional electron sources predominantly consist of thermionic cathodes with metal filaments, which have continually dominated this field for nearly a century despite their numerous drawbacks, including a relatively poor electron beam quality, a slow response, and high energy consumption.…”