&lt;title&gt;Signal, noise, and readout considerations in the development of amorphous silicon photodiode arrays for radiotherapy and diagnostic x-ray imaging&lt;/title&gt;

Antonuk, Larry E.; Boudry, J.; Kim, Chung-Won; Longo, Michael J.; Morton, Edward J.; Yorkston, J.; Street, R. A.

doi:10.1117/12.43434

Cited by 19 publications

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“…Active matrix flat panel imager (AMFPI) technology has undergone extensive research and development since its conception in the late 1980s (Street et al 1990, Antonuk et al 1991. 1 Currently at the Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University,VA, USA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Signal behavior of polycrystalline HgI₂at diagnostic energies of prototype, direct detection, active matrix, flat-panel imagers

Antonuk

El‐Mohri

et al. 2008

Phys. Med. Biol.

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Active matrix, flat-panel x-ray imagers based on a-Si:H thin film transistors offer many advantages and are widely utilized in medical imaging applications. Unfortunately, the detective quantum efficiency (DQE) of conventional flat-panel imagers incorporating scintillators or a-Se photoconductors is significantly limited by their relatively modest signal to noise ratio, particularly in applications involving low x-ray exposures or high spatial resolution. For this reason, polycrystalline HgI 2 is of considerable interest by virtue of its low effective work function, high atomic number, and the possibility of large-area deposition. In this study, a detailed investigation of the properties of prototype, flat-panel arrays coated with two forms of this high-gain photoconductor are reported. Encouragingly, high x-ray sensitivity, low dark current, and spatial resolution close to the theoretical limits were observed from a number of prototypes. In addition, input-quantum-limited DQE performance was measured from one of the prototypes at relatively low exposures. However, high levels of charge trapping, lag, and polarization, as well as pixel-to-pixel variations in x-ray sensitivity are of concern. While the results of the current study are promising, further development will be required to realize prototypes exhibiting the characteristics necessary to allow practical implementation of this approach.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Street et al 1990, Antonuk et al 1991 AMFPIs employ a two-dimensional matrix of a-Si:H thin-film-transistors (TFTs), connected to gate and data address lines. These circuits are fabricated on large glass substrates to form pixelated arrays and may be divided into two categories -direct detection and indirect detection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Signal behavior of polycrystalline HgI₂at diagnostic energies of prototype, direct detection, active matrix, flat-panel imagers

Antonuk

El‐Mohri

et al. 2008

Phys. Med. Biol.

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“…5). 48 The following year (1992) the first paper on amorphous selenium (a-Se) based, or direct conversion FPD was presented. 49 This decade saw a rapid growth of the number of SPIE presentations on both direct and indirect FPD, and an increasing number of contributions from the industry while FPD was being commercialized.…”

Section: Flat-panel Detectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Science and practice of imaging physics through 50 years of SPIE Medical Imaging conferences

et al. 2022

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Purpose: For 50 years now, SPIE Medical Imaging (MI) conferences have been the premier forum for disseminating and sharing new ideas, technologies, and concepts on the physics of MI.Approach: Our overarching objective is to demonstrate and highlight the major trajectories of imaging physics and how they are informed by the community and science present and presented at SPIE MI conferences from its inception to now.Results: These contributions range from the development of image science, image quality metrology, and image reconstruction to digital x-ray detectors that have revolutionized MI modalities including radiography, mammography, fluoroscopy, tomosynthesis, and computed tomography (CT). Recent advances in detector technology such as photon-counting detectors continue to enable new capabilities in MI. Conclusion:As we celebrate the past 50 years, we are also excited about what the next 50 years of SPIE MI will bring to the physics of MI.

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“…(V 2 /Hz) , [1] where k represents the noise power at 1 Hz (measured to be ~1.6×10 -9 V 2 /Hz), and f is frequency with a coefficient, α, set to 1.…”

Section: A Amplifier Input Noisementioning

confidence: 99%

Initial steps toward the realization of large area arrays of single photon counting pixels based on polycrystalline silicon TFTs

et al. 2014

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The thin-film semiconductor processing methods that enabled creation of inexpensive liquid crystal displays based on amorphous silicon transistors for cell phones and televisions, as well as desktop, laptop and mobile computers, also facilitated the development of devices that have become ubiquitous in medical x-ray imaging environments. These devices, called active matrix flat-panel imagers (AMFPIs), measure the integrated signal generated by incident X rays and offer detection areas as large as ~43×43 cm 2 . In recent years, there has been growing interest in medical x-ray imagers that record information from X ray photons on an individual basis. However, such photon counting devices have generally been based on crystalline silicon, a material not inherently suited to the cost-effective manufacture of monolithic devices of a size comparable to that of AMFPIs. Motivated by these considerations, we have developed an initial set of small area prototype arrays using thin-film processing methods and polycrystalline silicon transistors. These prototypes were developed in the spirit of exploring the possibility of creating large area arrays offering single photon counting capabilities and, to our knowledge, are the first photon counting arrays fabricated using thin film techniques. In this paper, the architecture of the prototype pixels is presented and considerations that influenced the design of the pixel circuits, including amplifier noise, TFT performance variations, and minimum feature size, are discussed.

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<title>Signal, noise, and readout considerations in the development of amorphous silicon photodiode arrays for radiotherapy and diagnostic x-ray imaging</title>

Cited by 19 publications

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Signal behavior of polycrystalline HgI₂at diagnostic energies of prototype, direct detection, active matrix, flat-panel imagers

Signal behavior of polycrystalline HgI₂at diagnostic energies of prototype, direct detection, active matrix, flat-panel imagers

Science and practice of imaging physics through 50 years of SPIE Medical Imaging conferences

Initial steps toward the realization of large area arrays of single photon counting pixels based on polycrystalline silicon TFTs

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<title>Signal, noise, and readout considerations in the development of amorphous silicon photodiode arrays for radiotherapy and diagnostic x-ray imaging</title>

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

Signal behavior of polycrystalline HgI2at diagnostic energies of prototype, direct detection, active matrix, flat-panel imagers

Signal behavior of polycrystalline HgI2at diagnostic energies of prototype, direct detection, active matrix, flat-panel imagers

Science and practice of imaging physics through 50 years of SPIE Medical Imaging conferences

Initial steps toward the realization of large area arrays of single photon counting pixels based on polycrystalline silicon TFTs

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Signal behavior of polycrystalline HgI₂at diagnostic energies of prototype, direct detection, active matrix, flat-panel imagers

Signal behavior of polycrystalline HgI₂at diagnostic energies of prototype, direct detection, active matrix, flat-panel imagers