&lt;title&gt;Simulation of the imaging performance of x-ray image intensifier/TV camera chains&lt;/title&gt;

Spekowius, Gerhard; Boerner, H.; Eckenbach, W.; Quadflieg, Peter; Laurenssen, Gert Jan

doi:10.1117/12.208339

Cited by 18 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…In image-intensifier/video pickup tube-based systems image lag is signal dependent, 18,46,47 which makes it difficult to incorporate temporal filtering algorithms. The DQE performance of the imager is comparable with that achieved by image intensifier based fluoroscopic systems at low spatial frequencies [13][14][15][16]18,20 and show a significant improvement at mid-to high-spatial frequencies. 14 -16,18 The limiting resolution of this prototype imager is either comparable [19][20][21]48 or slightly better 22 than that reported with amorphous silicon-based flat-panel fluoroscopy devices depending on the implemented pixel pitch and the scintillator used.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…Such objective measures detailing the performance of imaging systems developed for mammography [1][2][3][4] and radiography [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] have been reported. Similar measures of image quality for fluoroscopic imaging systems based on image intensifiers, [13][14][15][16][17] amorphous silicon, 18 -22 amorphous selenium, 7,[23][24][25][26] and CCDs coupled to scintillator using fiberoptic tapers 27,28 have also been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 58%

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Solid‐state fluoroscopic imager for high‐resolution angiography: Physical characteristics of an 8 cm×8 cm experimental prototype

et al. 2004

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In this paper, the performance of an 8 cm x 8 cm three-side buttable charge-coupled device (CCD)-based imager specially designed for high-resolution fluoroscopy and operating in fluoroscopic (30 frames/second) mode is presented in terms of the presampling modulation transfer function (MTF), noise power spectrum (NPS), and detective quantum efficiency (DQE). The 8 cm x 8 cm CCD imager is coupled to a 450 microm thick CsI:Tl scintillator by nondemagnifying (straight, 1:1) fiberoptics. The CCD imager has a fundamental pixel pitch of 39 microm and incorporates an optically opaque interline (data) channel. The CCD imager was operated at 156 microm pixel pitch by binning 4 x 4 adjacent pixels prior to readout. The fluoroscopic image lag was measured and accounted for in the DQE estimate to provide lag-corrected DQE. The measured limiting spatial resolution at 10% presampling MTF with the imager operated at 156 microm pixel pitch (Nyquist sampling limit: 3.21 cy/mm) was 3.6 cy/mm. In the pulsed fluoroscopic mode, the first-frame image lag was less than 0.9%. The lag-corrected DQE(0) of approximately 0.62 was achieved even at a low fluoroscopic exposure rate of 1 microR/frame. Grid phantom measurements indicate no appreciable distortion. Results from DQE and image lag measurements at fluoroscopic exposure rates combined with the high spatial resolution observed from the MTF suggest that this type of imager or its variants may be a potential candidate for high-resolution neuro-interventional imaging, cardiovascular imaging, pediatric angiography, and small animal imaging. Since the CCD is three-side buttable, four such CCD modules can be joined to form a 2 x 2 matrix providing a field of view of 16 cm x 16 cm.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Solid‐state fluoroscopic imager for high‐resolution angiography: Physical characteristics of an 8 cm×8 cm experimental prototype

et al. 2004

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“…Such analysis has been shown to accurately describe the signal and noise performance of other imaging systems. 6,7 The model requires that the system have a linear ͑or linearizable͒ and shift-invariant signal response. In addition, image noise is expressed in terms of the noise power spectrum, which requires that the noise processes be stationary.…”

Section: A Cascaded Linear Systems Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cunningham et al 11 and Westmore et al 16 discussed the technique in relation to a hypothetical system composed of a change-coupled device ͑CCD͒ camera and a luminescent phosphor. Spekowius et al 7 applied similar formalism in describing the transfer characteristics of an x-ray image intensifier ͑XRII͒ system. Maidment and Yaffe 17 demonstrated the applicability of such analysis by measuring the DQE of a scanned-slot mammographic imager, and Bissonette et al 6 applied a cascaded systems model in describing the DQE of a video-based portal imaging system.…”

Section: Quantum Accounting Diagramsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Empirical and theoretical investigation of the noise performance of indirect detection, active matrix flat‐panel imagers (AMFPIs) for diagnostic radiology

et al. 1997

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Noise properties of active matrix, flat-panel imagers under conditions relevant to diagnostic radiology are investigated. These studies focus on imagers based upon arrays with pixels incorporating a discrete photodiode coupled to a thin-film transistor, both fabricated from hydrogenated amorphous silicon. These optically sensitive arrays are operated with an overlying x-ray converter to allow indirect detection of incident x rays. External electronics, including gate driver circuits and preamplification circuits, are also required to operate the arrays. A theoretical model describing the signal and noise transfer properties of the imagers under conditions relevant to diagnostic radiography, fluoroscopy, and mammography is developed. This frequency-dependent model is based upon a cascaded systems analysis wherein the imager is conceptually divided into a series of stages having intrinsic gain and spreading properties. Predictions from the model are compared with x-ray sensitivity and noise measurements obtained from individual pixels from an imager with a pixel format of 1536 x 1920 pixels at a pixel pitch of 127 microns. The model is shown to be in excellent agreement with measurements obtained with diagnostic x rays using various phosphor screens. The model is used to explore the potential performance of existing and hypothetical imagers for application in radiography, fluoroscopy, and mammography as a function of exposure, additive noise, and fill factor. These theoretical predictions suggest that imagers of this general design incorporating a CsI: Tl intensifying screen can be optimized to provide detective quantum efficiency (DQE) superior to existing screen-film and storage phosphor systems for general radiography and mammography. For fluoroscopy, the model predicts that with further optimization of a-Si:H imagers, DQE performance approaching that of the best x-ray image intensifier systems may be possible. The results of this analysis suggest strategies for future improvements of this imaging technology.

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“…In order to improve the modulation transfer function characteristics of the phosphor-based indirect detectors, structured scintillators, such as the columnar growth CsI, are generally used. 26,28,29 Hence, the optical scattering at the top surface of the columnar CsI growth, 30,31 the grain boundaries, and the disorder structure 32 can cause spatial sensitivity variations. Therefore, the acquired images are affected by the fixed pattern noise due to the nonuniform gains.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Noise power spectrum of the fixed pattern noise in digital radiography detectors

Kim

Kim²

2016

Medical Physics

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<title>Simulation of the imaging performance of x-ray image intensifier/TV camera chains</title>

Cited by 18 publications

References 13 publications

Solid‐state fluoroscopic imager for high‐resolution angiography: Physical characteristics of an 8 cm×8 cm experimental prototype

Solid‐state fluoroscopic imager for high‐resolution angiography: Physical characteristics of an 8 cm×8 cm experimental prototype

Empirical and theoretical investigation of the noise performance of indirect detection, active matrix flat‐panel imagers (AMFPIs) for diagnostic radiology

Noise power spectrum of the fixed pattern noise in digital radiography detectors

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