“…For instance, most current vibration-based damage detection techniques observe changes in natural frequencies, modes of vibration, and frequency response functions (Loh and Tou, 1995;Doebling et al, 1996;Smyth et al, 2000;Farrar et al, 2001). Other techniques use subspace identification and updating (Abdalla et al, 1998;Pappa et al, 1998;Zimmerman, 2000;D'Souza and Epureanu, 2005a, b), wavelet analyses (Sohn and Farrar, 2001;Amizic et al, 2002;Amaravadi et al, 2002), and Ritz vectors (Cao and Zimmerman, 1999;Zimmerman, 1999). All these methods have been well developed for monitoring linear structures.…”