“…Interbody procedures with cage insertion are essential for lumbar fusion surgery, and techniques for interbody procedure have advanced over time [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Conventionally, cage insertion via the transforaminal route after a posterior approach (transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion, TLIF) has been the gold-standard procedure for interbody fusion; however, the procedure has several drawbacks, including neural injury, endplate violation, cage subsidence, cage migration, and other critical problems [ 3 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ].…”