Lumbar Spine Injury Biomechanics

Stemper, Brian D.; Pintar, Frank A.; Baisden, Jamie

doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1732-7_16

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…Testing was stopped when injury (bony or soft tissue) was detected and post‐test CT scans were obtained. X‐ray and CT images were used to classify bony injuries based on the affected spinal level and type of fracture . Soft tissue injuries were not a focus of this study and, therefore, any test producing soft tissue injury was not included in the analysis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each scenario involves pelvis acceleration/deceleration contributing to compressive loads as forces transmitted through the pelvis compress the lumbar spine against the torso mass. Spinal motions lead to tissue deformation and injury occurs when local deformations exceed injury tolerance . Non‐physiologic compressive loads on the lumbar spine can injure vertebral bodies, endplates, intervertebral discs, and posterior elements depending on segmental/spinal orientation and loading rate .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Characteristics of lumbar spine injuries are modulated by the loading environment, including acceleration, applied force vector, and spinal alignment. While the science of injury biomechanics has defined specific mechanisms for different injury types (i.e., burst vs. compression vs. chance), factors influencing the pattern of spinal injuries, including the number and location, have not been well defined. An example of loading conditions affecting injury outcome lies in the disparity of injury patterns between military and civilian environments .…”

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confidence: 99%

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Biomechanical tolerance of whole lumbar spines in straightened posture subjected to axial acceleration

Stemper

Chirvi

Doan

et al. 2017

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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Quantification of biomechanical tolerance is necessary for injury prediction and protection of vehicular occupants. This study experimentally quantified lumbar spine axial tolerance during accelerative environments simulating a variety of military and civilian scenarios. Intact human lumbar spines (T12-L5) were dynamically loaded using a custom-built drop tower. Twenty-three specimens were tested at sub-failure and failure levels consisting of peak axial forces between 2.6 and 7.9 kN and corresponding peak accelerations between 7 and 57 g. Military aircraft ejection and helicopter crashes fall within these high axial acceleration ranges. Testing was stopped following injury detection. Both peak force and acceleration were significant (p < 0.0001) injury predictors. Injury probability curves using parametric survival analysis were created for peak acceleration and peak force. Fifty-percent probability of injury (95%CI) for force and acceleration were 4.5 (3.9-5.2 kN), and 16 (13-19 g). A majority of injuries affected the L1 spinal level. Peak axial forces and accelerations were greater for specimens that sustained multiple injuries or injuries at L2-L5 spinal levels. In general, force-based tolerance was consistent with previous shorter-segment lumbar spine testing (3-5 vertebrae), although studies incorporating isolated vertebral bodies reported higher tolerance attributable to a different injury mechanism involving structural failure of the cortical shell. This study identified novel outcomes with regard to injury patterns, wherein more violent exposures produced more injuries in the caudal lumbar spine. This caudal migration was likely attributable to increased injury tolerance at lower lumbar spinal levels and a faster inertial mass recruitment process for high rate load application. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. J Orthop Res 36:1747-1756, 2018.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Biomechanical tolerance of whole lumbar spines in straightened posture subjected to axial acceleration

Stemper

Chirvi

Doan

et al. 2017

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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“…14 Compression fractures involve cortical fracture and reduction in anterior vertebral body height, while burst fractures result in anterior and posterior body failure. 15 Whereas endplate involvement plays a secondary role in compression fracture, occurring as a result of the cortical failure, endplate failure plays a primary role in the development of burst fractures, allowing the nucleus to breach the cranial endplate, increasing intervertebral pressure, and leading to an outwarddirected displacement of the cortical shell with fragmentation. However, more subtle endplate fractures may occur independent of these catastrophic fracture types under lower magnitude loads.…”

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confidence: 99%

Lumbar spine endplate fractures: Biomechanical evaluation and clinical considerations through experimental induction of injury

Curry

Pintar

Doan

et al. 2015

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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Lumbar endplate fractures were investigated in different experimental scenarios, however the biomechanical effect of segmental alignment was not outlined. The objectives of this study were to quantify effects of spinal orientation on lumbar spine injuries during single-cycle compressive loads and understand lumbar spine endplate injury tolerance. Twenty lumbar motion segments were compressed to failure. Two methods were used in the preparation of the lumbar motion segments. Group 1 (n ¼ 7) preparation maintained pre-test sagittal lordosis, whereas Group 2 (n ¼ 13) specimens had a free-rotational end condition for the cranial vertebra, allowing sagittal rotation of the cranial vertebra to create parallel endplates. Five Group 1 specimens experienced posterior vertebral body fracture prior to endplate fracture, whereas two sustained endplate fracture only. Group 2 specimens sustained isolated endplate fractures. Group 2 fractures occurred at approximately 41% of the axial force required for Group 1 fracture (p < 0.05). Imaging and specimen dissection indicate endplate injury consistently took place within the confines of the endplate boundaries, away from the vertebral periphery. These findings indicate that spinal alignment during compressive loading influences the resulting injury pattern. This investigation identified the specific mechanical conditions under which an endplate breach will take place. Development of endplate injuries has significant clinical implication as previous research identified internal disc disruption (IDD) and degenerative disc disease (DDD) as long-term consequences of the axial load-shift that occurs following a breach of the endplate. ß

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“…ATDs have been primarily used to evaluate the crashworthiness of vehicles in simulated traffic accidents [10] . Recently, they are being systematically used to evaluate and certify vehicles for blast protection [11] and [12] .…”

Section: Design and Development Of The Atdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing a custom Anthropomorphic Test Device for measuring blast effects on occupants inside armored vehicles

Kamel

Harraz

Yacoub

et al. 2019

Eng. Sci. and Milit. Techno.

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This work represents our first step at forming the concept of a measuring system of blast effects on humans inside armored vehicles.We present our initial attempts at developing a custom anthropometric test device (ATD) for measuring blast effects on human occupants in armored vehicles. It was designed to mimic the body of a 50th percentile human male in shape, weight and size. A drop tower was specifically built to simulate dynamic loads resulting from the explosion of improvised explosive devices under vehicle structures. The custom ATD was dropped from a 10 m height and the results were used to verify its design using published data. The ATD was then used to validate the effectiveness of the design of an armored vehicle that was equipped with passive blast protection devices. Useful information was derived from test results and design improvements were suggested. Future experiments are planned to improve the design of the next version of the custom ATD.

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Lumbar Spine Injury Biomechanics

Cited by 13 publications

References 89 publications

Biomechanical tolerance of whole lumbar spines in straightened posture subjected to axial acceleration

Biomechanical tolerance of whole lumbar spines in straightened posture subjected to axial acceleration

Lumbar spine endplate fractures: Biomechanical evaluation and clinical considerations through experimental induction of injury

Developing a custom Anthropomorphic Test Device for measuring blast effects on occupants inside armored vehicles

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