Luminescent Platinum Compounds: From Molecules to OLEDs

Murphy, Lisa; Williams, J. A. Gareth

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-01866-4_3

Cited by 126 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…They are charge-neutral, low-molecular weight molecules that have low cytotoxicity and accumulate intracellularly within a short incubation time of 5 min. They are readily synthesised, and their microsecond lifetimes and high emission quantum yields of up to 70% render them very attractive for time-resolved imaging [71,72]. The phosphors were applied both to time-gated imaging to eliminate background fluorescence and to broad-field lifetime mapping in a range of cell types (e.g.…”

Section: From Gating Out Autofluorescence To Determining Intracellulamentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-Resolved Emission Imaging Microscopy Using Phosphorescent Metal Complexes: Taking FLIM and PLIM to New Lengths

Baggaley

Weinstein

Williams

2014

Luminescent and Photoactive Transition Metal Complexes as Biomolecular Probes and Cellular Reagents

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Luminescent metal complexes are increasingly being investigated as emissive probes and sensors for cell imaging using what is traditionally termed fluorescence microscopy. The nature of the emission in the case of second-and third-row metal complexes is phosphorescence rather than fluorescence, as it emanates from triplet rather than singlet excited states, but the usual terminology overlooks the distinction between the quantum mechanical origins of the processes. In steady-state imaging, such metal complexes may be alternatives to widely used fluorescent organic molecules, used in exactly the same way but offering advantages such as ease of synthesis and colour tuning. However, there is a striking difference compared to fluorescent organic molecules, namely the much longer lifetime of phosphorescence compared to fluorescence. Phosphorescence lifetimes of metal complexes are typically around a microsecond compared to the nanosecond values found for fluorescence of organic molecules. In this contribution, we will discuss how these long lifetimes can be put to practical use. Applications such as time-gated imaging allow discrimination from background fluorescence in cells and tissues, while increased sensitivity to quenchers provides a means of designing more responsive probes, for example, for oxygen. We also describe how the technique of fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) -which provides images based on lifetimes at different points in the image -can be extended from the usual nanosecond range to microseconds. Key developments in instrumentation as well as the properties of complexes suitable for the purpose are discussed, including the use of two-photon excitation methods. A number of different research groups have made pioneering contributions to the instrumental set-ups, but the E. Baggaley and J.A. Weinstein Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK e-mail: liz.baggaley@sheffield.ac.uk; julia.weinstein@sheffield.ac.uk J.A.G. Williams (*) Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK e-mail: j.a.g.williams@durham.ac.uk terminology and acronyms have not developed in a systematic way. We review the distinction between time-gating (to eliminate background emission) and true timeresolved imaging (whereby decay kinetics at each point in an image are monitored). For instance, terms such as PLIM (phosphorescence lifetime imaging microscopy) and TRLM (time-resolved luminescence microscopy) refer essentially to the same technique, whilst TREM (time-resolved emission imaging microscopy) embraces these long timescale methods as well as the more well-established technique of FLIM.Keywords Cell imaging Á Fluorescence Á Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy Á Imaging Á Iridium Á Metal complex Á Microscopy Á Oxygen sensing Á Phosphorescence Á Phosphorescence lifetime imaging microscopy Á Platinum Á Ruthenium Á Time-resolved emission imaging microscopy Á Time-resolved fluorescence Á Time-resolved luminescence microscopy Á Tissue imaging

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Section: From Gating Out Autofluorescence To Determining Intracellulamentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-Resolved Emission Imaging Microscopy Using Phosphorescent Metal Complexes: Taking FLIM and PLIM to New Lengths

Baggaley

Weinstein

Williams

2014

Luminescent and Photoactive Transition Metal Complexes as Biomolecular Probes and Cellular Reagents

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“…While the clinical success of cisplatin is an important driving force for the development of platinum(II) chemistry, extensive studies have also been directed to study the photochemistry and material applications of luminescent platinum(II) compounds [5,6]. Luminescent platinum(II) compounds are well documented to display spectacular photophysical and photochemical properties.…”

Section: Photoinduced Catalytic Properties Of Platinum(ii) Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While luminescent platinum(II) compounds are well documented to sensitize light-induced hydrogen production from aqueous medium, there has been no report on using gold(III) compounds for light-induced hydrogen production prior to the report of To et al [34]. Recently, Au2 was found to sensitize photoinduced hydrogen production by irradiating a degassed acetonitrile/water mixture of Au2 been used as phosphorescent dopants in organic light-emitting diodes [5,6]. The photophysical properties of cyclometalated platinum(II) compounds containing tridentate C ∧ N ∧ N ligands (where HC ∧ N ∧ N = 6-phenyl-2,2 -bipyridine or its derivatives), or bidentate C ∧ N ligands (where HC ∧ N = 2-phenylpyridine or its derivatives) have extensively been studied [8].…”

Section: Photoinduced Catalytic Properties Of Gold(iii) Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Light-induced catalytic and cytotoxic properties of phosphorescent transition metal compounds with a d ⁸ electronic configuration

Zou

Sun

et al. 2013

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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Transition metal compounds are well documented to have diverse applications such as in catalysis, light-emitting materials and therapeutics. In the areas of photocatalysis and photodynamic therapy, metal compounds of heavy transition metals are highly sought after because they can give rise to triplet excited states upon photoexcitation. The long lifetimes (more than 1 μs) of the triplet states of transition metal compounds allow for bimolecular reactions/processes such as energy transfer and/or electron transfer to occur. Reactions of triplet excited states of luminescent metal compounds with oxygen in cells may generate reactive oxygen species and/or induce damage to DNA, leading to cell death. This article recaps the recent findings on photochemical and phototoxic properties of luminescent platinum(II) and gold(III) compounds both from the literature and experimental results from our group.

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“…In the case of complexes with low quantum yields of luminescence, moderate performances are already anticipated but interesting colors can be obtained. More generally and to the best of our knowledge, only two almost non-emissive platinum (Φ <0.02 and Φ = 0.03) [34][35][36] and iridium complexes [37,38] (Φ = 0.0046 and Φ = 0.1) have been incorporated in OLEDs. Concerning iridium complexes that su er from an extremely low emission quantum yield in both uid and solid states at RT, Ir(ppz) with ppz = 1-phenylpyrazole is a well-known blue phosphor [39,40].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

White and Saturated Blue Phosphorescent OLED based on the Non-Emissive Homoleptic Complex Ir(ppz)3 as single active material

Lepeltier

Dumur

Wantz

et al. 2014

Optical Data Processing and Storage

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Luminescent Platinum Compounds: From Molecules to OLEDs

Cited by 126 publications

References 85 publications

Time-Resolved Emission Imaging Microscopy Using Phosphorescent Metal Complexes: Taking FLIM and PLIM to New Lengths

Time-Resolved Emission Imaging Microscopy Using Phosphorescent Metal Complexes: Taking FLIM and PLIM to New Lengths

Light-induced catalytic and cytotoxic properties of phosphorescent transition metal compounds with a d ⁸ electronic configuration

White and Saturated Blue Phosphorescent OLED based on the Non-Emissive Homoleptic Complex Ir(ppz)3 as single active material

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Luminescent Platinum Compounds: From Molecules to OLEDs

Cited by 126 publications

References 85 publications

Time-Resolved Emission Imaging Microscopy Using Phosphorescent Metal Complexes: Taking FLIM and PLIM to New Lengths

Time-Resolved Emission Imaging Microscopy Using Phosphorescent Metal Complexes: Taking FLIM and PLIM to New Lengths

Light-induced catalytic and cytotoxic properties of phosphorescent transition metal compounds with a d 8 electronic configuration

White and Saturated Blue Phosphorescent OLED based on the Non-Emissive Homoleptic Complex Ir(ppz)3 as single active material

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Light-induced catalytic and cytotoxic properties of phosphorescent transition metal compounds with a d ⁸ electronic configuration