Lumpy Skin Disease: An Encroaching Risk in Cattle Farming

Abstract

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a vector-borne disease of cattle and water buffalo caused by the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) of the Capripoxvirus genus. LSD mainly affects the skin and the lymphatics of animals, and manifests as firm skin nodules, low feed intake, and a drop in milk production. Animal-to-animal contact, blood-feeding insects, animal products, stable flies, and mosquitoes can facilitate the transmission of LSD across herds and borders. The first case of LSD was reported in 1929 in Zambia. It was endemic to Africa until 1985 and later spread to Eastern Europe and Asia. The latest outbreak of LSD was reported in the Asia-Pacific region. At present, biosafety measures (control of animal movement, vectors, and animal products) are being devised by authorities to tackle LSD. Vaccines are also being developed for LSDV in recent decades. Live attenuated vaccines of both homologous and heterologous (of the Capripoxvirus genus) virus strains were utilized. A few side effects of the live vaccines were observed, such as skin nodules, low feed intake, and a drop in milk production. Inactivated LSDV vaccines were produced, showing a higher safety profile than live vaccines, yet offering only partial protection and lacks cross-protection. Recombinant LSDV vaccines are also under development; however, challenges remain in terms of the best vaccine delivery methods and antigen selection from the large poxvirus genome. Overall, mass vaccination with an effective vaccine may play a central role in the control of LSDV.