Lung cancer and air pollution: a 27 year follow up of 16 209 Norwegian men

Air pollution and risk of lung cancer in a prospective study in Europe

“…The observation of an elevated risk for living on a major road is consistent with studies in Stockholm 15 and Oslo, 7 where traffic related NO 2 at the residential address was associated with increased risk of lung cancer. In those studies dispersion models were used to quantify the exposure at the home address.…”

“…1,2 Estimation of the effects of air pollution on lung cancer incidence is difficult for several reasons: (i) clinically detectable lung cancer takes many years to develop; (ii) long-term records of air pollution are required; (iii) information on other risk factors (potential confounders) is needed; (iv) measurements of both air pollution and confounding factors are often difficult and subject to errors of classification and changes over time and (v) individual exposure is difficult to estimate. Air pollution has been related to lung cancer in 5 previous prospective studies, [3][4][5][6][7] although their results are consistent, most of them were conducted in countries with relatively low pollution levels (United States and Norway).…”

“…In a study in Amsterdam, we observed that roads that were part of the main road network had approximately twice higher concentrations of soot, benzene and PAHs than those simultaneously measured in minor streets. 16 Also Nafstad et al 7 and Nyberg et al 15 found that the risk of lung cancer was mainly associated with levels of exposure greater than 30 lg/m 3 . This is lower than the guideline level of 40 lg/m 3 set by the World Health Organization for annual average NO 2 concentration 17 (see also http://www.euro.…”

“…A second European study has been reported from Norway. 7 Nafstad and co-workers studied lung cancer incidence among 16,209 (40-49 years-old) men living in Oslo, who were recruited in 1972-73. Exposure assessment was based on measured concentrations of two gaseous air pollutants (NO 2 and SO 2 ) available from 1974 to 1995.…”

Hybrid and Reinforcement Multi Agent Technology for Real Time Air Pollution Monitoring

“…Nearly all of the air pollutants have been blamed by several epidemic and clinical studies for their direct or indirect involvement in the cause of several serious diseases (Brunekreef and Holgate, 2002) (Nafstad P. et al, 2003) (Lisabeth LD et al, 2008) after a long term exposure. The risk limits and the right of the citizens to have access in vital information related to air quality and to pollutants' concentration levels, have led to the establishment (by the European Commission) of specific safety limits, whereas public awareness services were also created (European Commission, 1990) (European Commission, 1992) (European Commission, 1996) (European Commission, 2000).…”