Lung Cancer and Exposure to Tobacco Smoke in the Household

Janerich, Dwight T.; Thompson, W. Douglas; Varela, L R; Greenwald, Peter; Chorost, Sherry; Tucci, Christopher; Zaman, Mohd Saif; Melamed, Myron R.; Kiely, Michele; McKneally, Martin F.

doi:10.1056/nejm199009063231003

Cited by 277 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Results have been mixed as to whether or not it is a risk factor for lung cancer in nonsmokers. Some studies report a positive association with spousal exposure [32][33][34], while others do not [35,36]. Some studies have found a positive association with childhood exposure [34,35], while others have not [32,33].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for lung cancer in Iowa women: Implications for prevention

Neuberger

Mahnken

Mayo

et al. 2006

Cancer Detection and Prevention

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Background-Multiple risk factors possibly associated with lung cancer were examined as part of a large-scale residential radon case-control study conducted in Iowa between 1994 and 1997. We were particularly interested in stratifying risk factors by smoking status. Relatively little risk factor information is available for Midwestern rural women.Methods-Four hundred thirteen female lung cancer cases and 614 controls aged 40-84, who were residents of their current home for at least 20 years, were included. Risk factors examined included cigarette smoking, passive smoking, occupation, chemical exposure, previous lung disease, family history of cancer, and urban residence. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted after adjusting for age, education, and cumulative radon exposure.Results-As expected, active cigarette smoking was the major risk factor for lung cancer. While cessation of smoking was significantly associated with a reduced risk for lung cancer, the risk remained significantly elevated for 25 years. Among all cases, asbestos exposure was a significant risk. Among ex-smokers, pack-year history predominated as the major risk. Among never smokers, a family history of kidney or bladder cancer were significant risk factors (OR= 7.34, 95% CI = 1.91 -28.18; and 5.02, 95% CI = 1.64-15.39, respectively), as was a history of previous lung disease (OR=2.28, 95% CI=1.24-4.18) and asbestos exposure. No statistically significant increase in lung cancer risk was found for occupation or urban residence.Conclusions-Smoking prevention activities are urgently needed in rural areas of the United States. Relatives of individuals with smoking-related cancers are potentially at increased risk. Genetic risk factors should be more fully investigated in never smokers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for lung cancer in Iowa women: Implications for prevention

Neuberger

Mahnken

Mayo

et al. 2006

Cancer Detection and Prevention

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“…Growing evidence (19,22,29,30) suggests that exposure to SHS in childhood increases the risk of lung cancer in adulthood. With the decline of adult smoking in public and work places in the United States and Europe but still very prevalent in other regions around the world, SHS exposure and associated risks are still a major source of uncontrolled exposure in younger individuals, especially in children without the ability to negotiate a smoke free environment at home, work or leisure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most studies (4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18) have focused on paternal and maternal smoking during pregnancy and the effect on childhood illnesses and cancers in general or more recently the risk of lung cancer for non-smoking women exposed to tobacco smoke during childhood (19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28). Very few studies (19,22,29,30) have focused on the effect of the period of exposure relevant for lung cancer development while also assessing the significance of lifetime exposure by location.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Second hand smoke, age of exposure and lung cancer risk

Asomaning¹,

Miller²,

Liu³

et al. 2008

Lung Cancer

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Background-Exposure to second hand smoke (SHS) has been identified as a risk factor for lung cancer for three decades. It is also known that the lung continues to grow from birth to adulthood, when lung growth stops. We hypothesize that after adjusting for active cigarette smoking, if SHS exposure took place during the period of growth i.e. in the earlier part of life (0 to 25 years of age) the risk of lung cancer is greater compared to an exposure occurring after age 25.

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“…Lung cancer deaths from passive cigarette smoke exposure account for approximately a quarter of lung cancers seen in never smokers (Janerich et al 1990). The RR of lung cancer in married never smokers varies up to 3.4, increasing with increased spousal cigarette consumption (USDHHS 1986;Fontham et al 1994).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A heavy smoker may accumulate an alpha-radiation dose as high as 1 Gy, mostly from 210 Po, to bronchial bifurcations (Martell 1975). The interaction of radiation and smoking exhibits a sub-multiplicative or multiplicative relationship in the induction of lung cancer (Martell 1975;Gray et al 1986;Janerich et al 1990;Monchaux et al 1994;Thomas et al 1994;Barros-Dios et al 2002;Gilbert et al 2003;Pierce et al 2003;Wang et al 2005). Cigarette smoking so confounds studies of lung cancer formation in irradiated populations that it is difficult to determine if ionizing radiation even exerts a significant effect on lung cancer formation in smokers with a RR < 1.5-2.0 (Doll 1992;Schull and Weiss 1992), and little is known about the interaction of smoking and radiation on non-respiratory tract cancers.…”

Section: Interaction Of Radiation and Smokingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking and Hormesis as Confounding Factors in Radiation Pulmonary Carcinogenesis

Sanders

Scott

2006

Dose-Response

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ᮀ Confounding factors in radiation pulmonary carcinogenesis are passive and active cigarette smoke exposures and radiation hormesis. Significantly increased lung cancer risk from ionizing radiation at lung doses < 1 Gy is not observed in never smokers exposed to ionizing radiations. Residential radon is not a cause of lung cancer in never smokers and may protect against lung cancer in smokers. The risk of lung cancer found in many epidemiological studies was less than the expected risk (hormetic effect) for nuclear weapons and power plant workers, shipyard workers, fluoroscopy patients, and inhabitants of highdose background radiation. The protective effect was noted for low-and mixed high-and low-linear energy transfer (LET) radiations in both genders. Many studies showed a protection factor (PROFAC) > 0.40 (40% avoided) against the occurrence of lung cancer. The ubiquitous nature of the radiation hormesis response in cellular, animal, and epidemiological studies negates the healthy worker effect as an explanation for radiation hormesis. Low-dose radiation may stimulate DNA repair/apoptosis and immunity to suppress and eliminate cigarette-smoke-induced transformed cells in the lung, reducing lung cancer occurrence in smokers.

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Lung Cancer and Exposure to Tobacco Smoke in the Household

Cited by 277 publications

References 17 publications

Risk factors for lung cancer in Iowa women: Implications for prevention

Risk factors for lung cancer in Iowa women: Implications for prevention

Second hand smoke, age of exposure and lung cancer risk

Smoking and Hormesis as Confounding Factors in Radiation Pulmonary Carcinogenesis

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