Lung epithelial stem cells express SARS-CoV-2 entry factors: implications for COVID-19

Valyaeva, Anna A.; Zharikova, Anastasia A.; Kasianov, Artem S.; Vassetzky, Yegor S.; Sheval, Eugene V.

doi:10.1101/2020.05.23.107334

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Most of the cells that have been found to express both are type 2 pneumocytes. While these results might be biased due to dropout effects in measurements of only a few molecules (38,39), it is still reasonable that 1 to 10% of the lung and airway cells contain the necessary receptor to be infected by SARS-CoV-2, totaling ∼10 9 cells. This number is several orders of magnitude higher than our estimate for the total number of infected cells during peak infection (10 4 to 10 6 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The total number and mass of SARS-CoV-2 virions

Sender

Bar-On

Gleizer

et al. 2021

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

222

133

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Quantitatively describing the time course of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection within an infected individual is important for understanding the current global pandemic and possible ways to combat it. Here we integrate the best current knowledge about the typical viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in bodily fluids and host tissues to estimate the total number and mass of SARS-CoV-2 virions in an infected person. We estimate that each infected person carries 109 to 1011 virions during peak infection, with a total mass in the range of 1 μg to 100 μg, which curiously implies that all SARS-CoV-2 virions currently circulating within human hosts have a collective mass of only 0.1 kg to 10 kg. We combine our estimates with the available literature on host immune response and viral mutation rates to demonstrate how antibodies markedly outnumber the spike proteins, and the genetic diversity of virions in an infected host covers all possible single nucleotide substitutions.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The total number and mass of SARS-CoV-2 virions

Sender

Bar-On

Gleizer

et al. 2021

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

222

133

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Most of the cells that have been found to express both are type 2 pneumocytes. While these results might be biased due to dropout effects in measurements of only a few molecules (37,38), it is still reasonable that 1%-10% of the lung and airway cells contain the necessary receptor to be infected by SARS-CoV-2, totaling ~10 9 cells. This number is several orders of magnitude higher than our estimate for the total number of infected cells during peak infection (10 4 -10 6 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The total number and mass of SARS-CoV-2 virions

Sender

Bar-On

Flamholz

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Quantitatively describing the time course of the SARS-CoV-2 infection within an infected individual is important for understanding the current global pandemic and possible ways to combat it. Here we integrate the best current knowledge about the abundance of potential SARS-CoV-2 host cells and typical concentrations of virions in bodily fluids to estimate the total number and mass of SARS-CoV-2 virions in an infected person. We estimate that each infected person carries 109-1011 virions during peak infection, with a total mass of about 1 μg-0.1 mg, which curiously implies that all SARS-CoV-2 virions currently in the world have a mass of only 0.1-1 kg. Knowledge of the absolute number of virions in an infected individual can put into perspective parameters of the immune system response, minimal infectious doses and limits of detection in testing.

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Activation of mucosal immunity and novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategy in combating COVID-19

Chatterjee¹,

Saha²,

Muñoz

2021

Explor Immunol

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerges as an expeditiously growing pandemic, in the human population caused by the highly transmissible RNA virus severe acute respiratory syndrome of coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection predominantly occurs at the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor and transmembrane protease serine type 2 positive (ACE2 + TMPRSS2)+ epithelial cells of the mucosal surface like nasal, oral mucosae, and/or the conjunctival surface of the eye where it has interacted along with the immune system. The primary host response towards the pathogen starts from an immune microenvironment of nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). The presence of exhausted lymphocytes, lymphopenia, pneumonia and cytokine storm is the hallmark of COVID-19. The multifaceted nature of co-morbidity factors like obesity and type 2 diabetes and its effects on immunity can alter the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Adipose tissue is a crucial endocrine organ that secretes a plethora of factors like adipokines, cytokines, and chemokines that have a profound impact on metabolism and augments the expression of mucosal pro-inflammatory cytokines, like tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and the interleukin-12 (IL-12)/IL-23. Mucosal immunization could be a superior approach to activate mucosal and systemic immune responses against pathogenic invasion at mucosal surface entry ports. Mucosal vaccines are also able to generate strong systemic humoral immunity—required to neutralize any virus particle that dodges the primary immune response. To develop an efficient vaccine against mucosal pathogens, considering the designing of the delivery route, immunomodulatory features, and adjuvants are very important. In this article, we further provide evidence to understand the significant role of mucosal immunity, along with secretory and circulating immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies in generating a novel mucosal vaccine against COVID-19. Moreover, along with mucosal vaccines, we should look for combination treatment strategies with plant bioactive molecules. Glycan-binding lectins against viral proteins for targeted activation of mucosal immune response are one of such examples. This might play a promising role to halt this emerging virus.

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Lung epithelial stem cells express SARS-CoV-2 entry factors: implications for COVID-19

Cited by 3 publications

References 53 publications

The total number and mass of SARS-CoV-2 virions

The total number and mass of SARS-CoV-2 virions

The total number and mass of SARS-CoV-2 virions

Activation of mucosal immunity and novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategy in combating COVID-19

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