“…(1) The outcomes after retransplants are inferior compared to first lung transplants, particularly if the re-transplant is done within the first year after the original transplant or for patients with restrictive allograft syndrome (RAS). (1,139,140,(145)(146)(147)(148)(149) Several studies, however, have found acceptable results for carefully selected recipients. (140,146,150,151) In the pre-transplant evaluation of such patients, particular emphasis should be focused on understanding the possible reasons for the graft failure, such as alloimmunization, poor adherence, GER, or repeated infections.…”