Lungeing on hard and soft surfaces: Movement symmetry of trotting horses considered sound by their owners

Pfau, Thilo; Jennings, Christine; Mitchell, Helen; Olsen, E. G. J.; Walker, Anna; Egenvall, Agneta; Tröster, Susanne; Weller, R.; Rhodin, Marie

doi:10.1111/evj.12374

Cited by 50 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…A recent study investigating the differences between lungeing on soft and hard ground (Pfau et al . ) confirmed the presence of small but consistent asymmetries in head movement across surfaces and reins in horses that show symmetrical head movement on the straight. Horses quantified with a small head movement asymmetry on the straight then show a less consistent pattern across surfaces and reins and in particular markedly increased asymmetry with the ‘affected limb’ on the inside of the circle.…”

Section: Quantifying Clinically Relevant Exercisesupporting

confidence: 56%

Quantitative assessment of gait parameters in horses: Useful for aiding clinical decision making?

Pfau

Fiske-Jackson

Rhodin

2015

Equine Veterinary Education

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Gait analysis in horses has moved from the laboratory into the outside world enabling researchers and clinicians to make use of quantitative measurements to provide evidence aiding clinical decision making. In this article we explain how the two major visual signs of lameness -head nod and hip hikeare linked to the mechanics of lameness. These parameters should be regarded as well suited for incorporation into clinical decision making being easily measurable e.g. with inertial sensors under nonlaboratory conditions and representative of the underlying mechanical changes. A brief overview of the results of validation studies of the use of inertial sensors for quantification of movement symmetry shows that accuracy, precision and repeatability with current sensor generations are in the order of 3-7 mm; this is below the reported detection threshold for movement symmetries 'by eye'. Recent studies with inertial sensors have investigated conditions relevant to the clinical lameness examination: lungeing, flexion tests and diagnostic analgesia. Lungeing introduces kinematic adaptations rendering head and pelvic movement asymmetrical, even in sound horses. First guideline values are available for changes after flexion tests and diagnostic analgesia, and we understand which parameters show consistent changes. This is crucial for investigating the effects in horses with different orthopaedic deficits. In conclusion, the current inertial sensor systems, while not quantifying all the gait adaptations seen in lame horses, characterise the major mechanical changes affecting fore-and hindlimb lame horses. In order to avoid misinterpretation of the generated data, users should have a thorough understanding of the gait parameters and be aware of sensor limitations in terms of accuracy, precision and repeatability.

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Section: Quantifying Clinically Relevant Exercisesupporting

confidence: 56%

Quantitative assessment of gait parameters in horses: Useful for aiding clinical decision making?

Pfau

Fiske-Jackson

Rhodin

2015

Equine Veterinary Education

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“…A high proportion of horses deemed to be free from lameness by owners or trainers are identified as outside previously reported clinical lameness thresholds (Pfau et al . , ; Rhodin et al . , ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of visual lameness scores to gait asymmetry in racing Thoroughbreds during trot in‐hand

Pfau

Caviedes

McCarthy

et al. 2018

Equine Veterinary Education

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Summary Regular monitoring of movement asymmetry with inertial measurement units (IMUs) to aid in the diagnosis of the underlying cause of a lameness is feasible. Normal ranges for specific groups of horses may be required, with consideration of expert veterinary opinions for both asymmetry screening and lameness assessment. The aim of this study was to determine movement asymmetry values compared with expert lameness scores to enable screening for lameness in Thoroughbreds in race training. IMU gait assessment during in‐hand trot‐up was performed in 25 racehorses undergoing routine gait analysis or lameness examination at the Singapore Turf Club. Video recordings were graded numerically (0–5) for lameness by six experienced racehorse veterinarians. Inter‐observer agreement and consistency were determined. Median lameness scores were used to calculate sensitivity and specificity for head, withers and pelvic movement asymmetry. Guideline values for aligning movement asymmetry values with expert opinions about forelimb and hindlimb lameness were determined from receiver operating characteristics (ROC). Inter‐observer agreement was poor to fair, inter‐observer consistency was good (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.667 for forelimbs and 0.617 for hindlimbs). ROCs indicated higher discriminative power for hindlimb lameness using pelvic asymmetry (90% sensitivity, 93% specificity) compared with forelimb lameness using head asymmetry (69% sensitivity, 89% specificity) or withers asymmetry (44% sensitivity, 89% specificity). When compared to expert lameness scores from videos of a limited number of Thoroughbred racehorses, preliminary guideline values for movement asymmetry screening for forelimb lameness (>|14.5 mm|) and hindlimb lameness (>|7.5 mm|) are higher than previously reported clinical thresholds of >|7 mm| for head movement and >|4 mm| for pelvic movement asymmetry.

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“…The inertial sensor technique has been in use for equine motion analysis, especially in the analysis of the trotting gait with the aims of improving sports performance and fine detection of lameness [4] as well as studying the differences in motion between types of horses [5] . Inertial sensor technology is highly sensitive and accurate with quantitative data, and is suitable for detection of even the slightest asymmetry in movement [6] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

At-Destekli Terapi İçin Ponilerde Atalet Belirleme Teknolojisinin Fizibilite Çalışması

Peansukmanee¹,

Thawinchai²,

Khanproa³

et al. 2017

Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg

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Citation of This ArticlePeansukmanee S, Thawinchai N, Khanproa P, Khaminluang P: Feasibility study of inertial sensor technology on ponies for equine-assisted therapy (EAT). Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 23 (6): 871-878, 2017. DOI: 10.9775/kvfd.2017 Abstract Ponies used in equine-assisted therapy (EAT) (hippotherapy) often carry imbalanced riders, which is a cause for concern as regards the health of the ponies. A low degree of lameness or an abnormal gait is not always detectable by a veterinarian, subjectively, but this is enabled by using a motion analysis equipment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of inertial sensor technology utilization to analyze ponies' kinematic motion at walking gait. Ten ponies were instrumented with the inertial sensors and made to walk 20 m in two trials (departure and return) for the forelimb data set (n=10), which was then repeated in the second round for the hindlimb (n=3). The ponies were assigned three interventions: walking with no rider, walking with a rider with typical development (normal rider), and walking with a rider with physical disability (disabled rider). The movement speed, stride length, and stride duration were measured by a video camera. The limb range of motion and the angular velocity were detected by inertial sensors. The results showed that there were no significant differences in the kinematic motion of the forelimb at walking gait for all interventions and no significant differences between the left and the right forelimbs except in the case of the anterior phase of the angular velocity of the arm when walking with a disabled rider (P<0.05). The hindlimb data set was not statistically compared due to insufficient "n" number. In conclusion, the inertial sensor technology is feasible to use on pony kinematic motion, especially when the sensor is attached to the forelimb. It seems that the ponies could modify the natural kinematic motion when walking with a load on them. Keywords: Pony, Walk, Kinematic, Equine-assisted therapy, Hippotherapy, Inertial sensor At-Destekli Terapi İçin Ponilerde Atalet Belirleme Teknolojisinin Fizibilite Çalışması ÖzetAt-destekli (equine-destekli) terapide (hipoterapi) kullanılan ponilerin sıklıkla denge sorunlu binicileri taşımaları bu ponilerde sağlık sorununa neden olabilmektedir. Düşük dereceli topallık veya anormal yürüyüş daima veteriner hekim tarafından belirlenemeyebilir ve hareket analiz ekipmanı gerektirebilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı atalet belirleme teknolojisinin fizibilitesini ponilerin kinematik hareketlerinde test etmektir. On adet poni atalet sensorları ile donatıldı ve iki hat boyunca (kalkış ve dönüş) 20 m yürütüldü. Ön ayak veri seti (n=10) sonradan ikinci turda arka ayak (n=3) için tekrar edildi. Poniler 3 uygulamaya maruz bırakıldı: binicisiz yürüme, tipik gelişimli binicili yürüme (normal binici) ve fiziksel engelli binicili yürüme (engelli binici). Hareket hızı, adım uzunluğu ve adım süresi video kamera ile ölçüldü. Hareketin adım sırası ve açısal hızı atalet sensörleri ile belirlendi. Tüm den...

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Lungeing on hard and soft surfaces: Movement symmetry of trotting horses considered sound by their owners

Cited by 50 publications

References 33 publications

Quantitative assessment of gait parameters in horses: Useful for aiding clinical decision making?

Quantitative assessment of gait parameters in horses: Useful for aiding clinical decision making?

Comparison of visual lameness scores to gait asymmetry in racing Thoroughbreds during trot in‐hand

At-Destekli Terapi İçin Ponilerde Atalet Belirleme Teknolojisinin Fizibilite Çalışması

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